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CAN DISEASE BE ERADICATED - Coggle Diagram
CAN DISEASE BE ERADICATED
Nature and medicine
Uses of natural medicine
Quinine
Bark of cinchona’s tree
Malarial treatment
Nicotine
Tobacco plant
Depression and Alzheimer’s
Morphine
Dried latex from seed pods of opium poppy
Pain relief
Caffeine
Tea leaves and coffee plants
CNS stimulant
Salicin
Bark of white willow tree
Aspirin
Rosy Periwinkle
Catharanthus roseus- small evergreen pant native to Madagascar, requires warm and tropical climate with slightly acidic, well drained soil. Originally used to treat wasp stings
Cultivated in india, Central Asia and Madagascar global sales worth hundreds of millions to Eli Lilly so few profits are retuned to madagascar despite 36% of its population being employed in agriculture
Cannot be synthesised can only rely on commercial cultivation
Late 60s scientists discovered 70 alkaloids in it with medicinal value which destroys white blood cells
Caranthanine and vindoline could be biosynthesized into drugs
Vincristine and Vinblastine used in chemotherapy for paediatric leukaemia and Hodgkin’s lymphoma- 80% increase increase in survival since 1970
Vincristine decreases white blood cell count
Vinblastine inhibits the growth of tumours
after the discovery of the alkaloids, the National Cancer Institute and the US department of agriculture spent 1960-1982 testing over 35,000 plant samples from over 60 countries for anti-cancer properties
Biopiracy
Exploitation of biological resources like food and medicine deprives LIDCS of valuable international trade, hinders economic growth and progress in trading and can lead to over cultivation- the cost of growing or gathering the plant exceeds the profit received from growing it.
Oct 2010 Nagoya protocol- legally binding treaty that divides profits from resources to benefit the populations that cultivate them (137 signatures)
CITES-The convention on international trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna oversee the protection of 32,800 species grouped according to how threatened they are.
ensure that the harvesting and trade of organic specimens doesn’t threaten their survival and see that the trade is sustainable to safeguard the resources for the future through a licensing and authorisation system.
safely facilitates the use of natural medicine without threatening their existence.
Wild harvest vs Cultivation
Wild harvest
Collecting the plant from its natural habitat
Better for the species and land-users
Maintains rich gene pool and biodiversity
Cheaper but cannot keep up with global demand
Cultivation
When land is cleared to grow the plant
Consistent, higher quality supply, stable exports
Reduces biodiversity
Threatens habitats
Can lead to adulteration- making something poorer in quality by the addition of another substance
Threats
around 11% of the 252 medicines the WHO class as basic and essential are originally sourced from nature
5 billion people rely on traditional medicine
Deforestation
1% of tropical plant species have been tested for medicinal properties but nearly 137 species go extinct everyday
the destruction of habitats plants species like Yew endangered, genetic diversity of these areas are reduced making species more vulnerable to environmental changes and disease. 325km2 destroyed a day
4000 currently threatened and 14 endangered, slow growing or niche plants are most at risk
Top down
GlaxoSmithKline
Have been producing and selling pharmaceuticals since 1830 became GSK officially in 2000
Key scientific breakthroughs
In 1944- 80% of the UKs penicillin doses routed through GSK
2019- 701 million vaccine doses, 15 vaccines and 30 medicines in clinical development
Amoxicillin and bendazale for infections on WHO list of essential medicines
Zidovudine- HIV
Key patents
42 in the US and 873 internationally
Oral dosage with fast release coating
Wearable device for behavioural support (nicotine patch)
Combination treatment for some cancers
RNA Covid vaccine
Some HIV therapy
Drug manufacturing
-84 manufacturing sites in 36 countries, pharmaceuticals= 2/3 of their turnover 1/3 vaccines and consumer products vaccines in over 160 countries. 220,000 inhalers a day
Eradication of disease
£4.6 billion spent on research per year, close to first malaria vaccine, priorities are HIV/AIDS malaria and TB
licenses for cheap manufacturing of more generic versions of their patented drugs
capping price at 25% of UKs prices for developing countries
20% of profits invested into developing countries
Bottom up
Smallpox eradication
Smallpox is caused by the variola virus, very contagious, causes fever and a rash, eradicated in 1977 entirely by the vaccine
Edward Jenner developed the vaccine in 1796 but it took 200 years to be fully eradicated
Other spreads are being prevented via vaccinating millitary personnel when going to smallpox prone areas, only 2 labs in the world have stored of the virus for research, vaccine stockpiles around the world
Polio
Type 2 eradicated in 199 and type 3 eradicated in 2020, type 1 only in two counties Afghanistan and Pakistan Africa polio free since 2016
Affects spinal cord and brain sometimes leading to parasthesia, meningitis or a paralysis, contagious
Vaccine developed in 1952, no other treatment, Global polio eradication initiative began 1988 (largest ever internationally coordinated effort) 99% decrease since, 16 million saved from paralysis due to vaccine. 3 billion children immunised in last 20 years
Guinea worm
Caused by Dracunculus medinesis parasite and spread through contaminated water when larvae enter water flies. Affects dry areas during rain and rainy areas when dry. Can only be treated by removing thre worm
Worms grow over 10-14 months after penetration intestinal lining. The worm forms a blister and emerges. To reliev the pain many find cool water but this can release larvae and contaminate it
Guinea worm eradication program
Straws with filters, only drinking from protected sources and filtering with cloths
Thoroughly cooking fish, prevent those with blisters from entering water, targeting contaminated water and chemically treating it
Partnering with UNICEF to provide vulnerable communities with clean water
North suffered more due to lower literacy rates and more stagnant freshwater (you cannot get guinea worm from salt water)
Ghana Red Cross women’s club
5000 volunteers in 2001
Educating local communities- women are mostly responsible for sourcing water
Monitoring, identifying and reporting cases. Distributing and checking filters, containing cases
Barriers
Literacy rates (pictures can be used) , belief that witchcraft causes it, refusal to cooperate, ethnic conflict, water supply breakdown in 2006 caused a breakout