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Emely Casillas Period 1 Cardiovascular System - Coggle Diagram
Emely Casillas Period 1
Cardiovascular System
Major components and functions of Blood
Blood: a type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix (plasma)
Blood transports substances throughout the body, helps to
maintain homeostasis and distributes heat
Blood transports nutrients and oxygen to the body cells, and
removes metabolic wastes and carbon dioxide
The blood contains red blood cells (for respiratory gas transport), white blood cells (for fighting infection),platelets (for stoppage of bleeding), and plasma (the liquid matrix)
ABO, Rh blood types
Type A blood has A antigens on RBC membranes and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
Type B blood has B antigens on RBC membranes and anti-A antibodies in the plasma
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on RBC membranes, but neither type of antibodies in the plasma; universal recipient
Type O blood has neither antigen on RBC membranes, but both types of antibodies in the plasma; universal donor
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
To help the body maintain a constant body temperature
To protect the body from infection and blood loss
To transport nutrients, gases and waste products around the body
To help maintain fluid balance within the body
Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers, and valves)
Tricuspid valve:Opening between right atrium
and right ventricle
Pulmonary valve: Entrance to pulmonary trunk
Mitral (bicuspid) valve: Opening between left atrium
and left ventricle
Aortic valve :Entrance to aorta
The interventricular septum separates the ventricle on the right from the left
Superior and inferior vena cava(e) bring blood back from the systemic circuit to the right atrium
Coronary sinus drains blood from the myocardium (coronary circulation) into the right atrium
Right ventricle has a thinner wall than the left ventricle, because it must pump blood only as far as the lungs, compared to the left ventricle pumping to the entire body
The heart contains 4 chambers: 2 upper chambers called atria, and 2 lower chambers called ventricles
Layers of the heart
Epicardium:
A serous membrane that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium and the outer surface of the heart.
Myocardium:
The myocardium is the muscular wall of the heart, or the heart muscle. It contracts to pump blood out of the heart and then relaxes as the heart refills with returning blood
Endocardium
The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart. Its cells are embryologically and biologically similar to the endothelial cells that line blood vessels. The endocardium also provides protection to the valves and heart chambers
Pericardial Cavity
The pericardial cavity is the potential space formed between the two layers of serous pericardium around the heart. Normally, it contains a small amount of serous fluid that acts to reduce surface tension and lubricate.
Parietal Pericardium
The outer layer of the pericardium which is a conical sac of fibrous tissue that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great blood vessels. The pericardium has outer and inner coats.
Fibrous Pericardium
The outer layer of the pericardium is the fibrous pericardium, comprised of dense connective tissue, which protects the heart, anchors it to the surrounding walls, and prevents it from overfilling.
Blood flow through the heart and body
Pulmonary circuit:
Blood flow between heart and lungs
Systemic circuit:
Blood flow between heart and body tissues
Blood Flow Through the Heart: Blood comes into the right atrium from the body, moves into the right ventricle and is pushed into the pulmonary arteries in the lungs. After picking up oxygen, the blood travels back to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, to the left ventricle and out to the body's tissues through the aorta.
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types (arteries, veins,
capillaries)
Capillaries are blood vessels with the smallest diameter
Venules leading from capillaries merge to form larger veins, that return blood to the heart
Arteries are strong, elastic vessels adapted for carrying high-pressure blood
Tunica interna: Innermost endothelial layer composed of simple squamous epithelium; creates a smooth surface to preventclots; secretes biochemicals to prevent platelet aggregation; secretes substances to regulate blood flow
Tunica media: Thick middle layer, composed of smooth muscle
Tunica externa: Outermost connective tissue layer; relatively thin; attaches the artery to surrounding tissues
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
The cardiac cycle consists of the following events
First the atria contract (called atrial systole), while ventricles
relax (called ventricular diastole)
Then the ventricles contract (called ventricular systole), while the atria relax (called atrial diastole)
Then the entire heart relaxes for a brief moment
Electrocardiogram (ECG): a recording of the electrical changes that occur during a cardiac cycle
P Wave: The first wave, which corresponds to the depolarization of the atria; this leads to the contraction of the atria
QRS Complex: Corresponds to the depolarization of ventricles, which leads to contraction of the ventricles the repolarization of the atria occurs during the QRS complex but is hidden behind the larger ventricular event
T Wave: Corresponds to ventricular repolarization, and leads to ventricular relaxation
Major blood vessels (names arteries and veins)
blood vessels:
Artery :Thick, strong wall with three layers—an
endothelial lining a middle layer of smooth
muscle and elastic connective tissue, and an
outer layer of connective tissue
Arteriole Thinner wall than an artery but with three
layers; smaller arterioles have an endothelial
lining, some smooth muscle tissue, and a small
amount of connective tissue
Capillary Single layer of squamous epithelium
Venule Thinner wall than in an arteriole, less smooth
muscle and elastic connective tissue
Vein Thinner wall than an artery but with similar
layers; the vein middle layer is much thinner;
some veins have flaplike valves
Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
blood pressure
Force blood exerts against the inner walls of blood vessels
Arterial blood pressure
Systolic pressure: maximum arterial pressure reached during ventricular contraction (systole)
Diastolic pressure: minimum arterial pressure reached during ventricular relaxation (diastole), just before the next contraction
A sphygmomanometer is used to measure arterial blood pressure
ABP of no greater than 120/80 (systolic/diastolic) at rest is considered normal
pulse
The alternating expansion and recoil of the wall of an artery as the ventricles contract and relax can be felt at certain points in the body as a pulse
Common pulse points include the radial artery, carotid artery, brachial artery, and femoral artery
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) : A heart attack, also called a myocardial infarction, happens when a part of the heart muscle doesn't get enough blood. The more time that passes without treatment to restore blood flow, the greater the damage to the heart muscle. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the main cause of heart attack
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in the legs or lower extremities is the narrowing or blockage of the vessels that carry blood from the heart to the legs. It is primarily caused by the buildup of fatty plaque in the arteries, which is called atherosclerosis.
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke): A stroke, also referred to as a cerebral vascular accident (CVA) or a brain attack, is an interruption in the flow of blood to cells in the brain
Endocarditis & Myocarditis: Inflammation of the heart can be classified as endocarditis, myocarditis or pericarditis, depending on the tissue affected. These disorders can lead to sudden cardiac death and/or chronic heart insufficiency [1–3]. They are associated with a high mortality rate (e.g., cardiac valve insufficiency after endocarditis)
Congenital Heart Disease: Congenital heart disease is a general term for a range of birth defects that affect the normal way the heart works. The term "congenital" means the condition is present from birth.