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Leidy Esquivel Per:2 Cardiovascular System - Coggle Diagram
Leidy Esquivel Per:2 Cardiovascular System
Major components and functions of Blood
Functions
Transport
Transport metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination
Transport hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
Deliver O2 and nutrients to body cells
Regulation
Maintain normal pH using buffers; alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions
Maintain adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
Maintain body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
Protection
Preventing blood loss
Preventing infection
Components
White blood cells
buffy coat <1% of whole blood
leukocytes and platelets
Plasma
55% of whole blood
least dense component
Red blood cells
Erythocytes
45% of whole blood (hematocrit)
Most dense componet
ABO, Rh blood types
AB type
Plaasma antibodies- None
RBC antigens- AB
B type
Plasma antibodies- Anti-A(a)
RBC antigens- B
A type
Plasma antibodies- Anti- B (b)
RBC antigens- A
O type
Plasma antibodies- Anti-A(a), Anti- B (b)
RBC antigens- None
Anatomy of the heart
Chambers
Right Atrium - receives blood returning from systemic circuit
Left Atrium - receives blood returning from pulmonary circuit
Right Ventricle - pumps blood through pulmonary circuit
Left Ventricle - pumps blood through systemic circuit
Valves
Atrioventricular (AV) Vaves
Mitral Valve - made up of two cusps and lies
between left atria and ventricle
Chordae tendineae - anchor cusps of AV valves to papillary muscles
Tricuspid valve - made up of three cusps and lies between right
atria and ventricle
Semilunar (SL) Valves
Pulmonary semilunar valve - located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aortic semilunar valve - located between left ventricle and aorta
Layers of the heart
Myocardium - circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells
Endocardium - innermost layer; is continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels
Epicardium - visceral layer of serous pericardium
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
Provides cells with nutrients
Removes the waste products
Protects the body against disease and infection
Clotting stops bleeding after injury
Help the body maintain a constant body temperature
Help maintain fluid balance within the body.
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
Electrocardiogram - a graphic recording of electrical activity and can detect electrical currents generated by heart
Mechanical Events
Diastole - period of heart relaxation
Cardiac cycle - blood flow through heart during one complete heartbeat
Systole - period of heart contraction
Vital signs
Blood Pressure
Arterial BP
Systolic Pressure - pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction
Diastolic Pressure - lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest
Venous BP
Low pressure of venous side requires adaptations to help with venous return
Systemic BP
highest in aorta and declines throughout pathway
Pulse
Vital signs - pulse and blood pressure, along with respiratory rate and body
temperature
Pulse - throbbing of arteries due to difference in pulse pressures, which can be felt under
skin
Radial pulse - most routinely used, but there are other
clinically important pulse points
Pressure points - areas where arteries are close to body surface
Major blood vessels
Pulmonary trunk - artery directly connects with your heart at your pulmonary valve
pulmonary veins - blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from your lungs to your heart
Aorta - Main artery that carries blood away from heart to the rest of body.
Superior/Inferior Vena Cava - carry blood from upper and lower boby
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
Cause - blood clot in artery, aneurysm, diabetes
Symptoms - severe headaches, memory loss, muscle weakness
Blood flow to a portion of the brain
Treatment - blood thinners, surgical intervention, physical therapy
Endocarditis & Myocarditis
Cause - heart valve damage, virus/bacteria/fungal infection, allergic reaction to medication
Symptoms - chest pain, shortness of breath, edema
Inflammation of the heart
Treatment - antibiotics, reduced activity, pacemaker implantation
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Causes- limb trauma, high blood pressure, diabetes
Symptoms - led and arm pain, wounds that will not heal, hair loss in arm and leg
Arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities
Treatment - medication, arterial angioplasty, bypass surgery
Congenital Heart Disease
Causes - aortic stenosis, tricuspid atresia, pulmonary stenosis
Symptoms - cyanosis common, may be asymptomatic, may cause death
Issue with heart structure and/or function present from birth
Treatment - medication, surgical intervention, may heal on their own
Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)
Causes - blood clot, high blood pressure, stress
Symptoms - dizziness, shortness of breath, chest pain
Blood flow to part of the heart
Treatment - coronary bypass, open heart surgery, nitroglycerin
Blood flow through the heart and body
Pulmonary trunk/artery
Lungs
Pulmonary semilunar Valve
Four pulmonary veins
Right Ventricle
Left atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Mitral valve
Right Atrium
Left ventricle
Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta
Body
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types
Veins
Venous valves - Prevent backflow of blood, Most abundant in veins of limbs
Venous sinuses - Flattened veins with extremely thin walls
Venules - Consist of endothelium and a few pericytes
Carry blood toward the heart
Capillaries
Walls just thin tunica intima in smallest vessels, one cell forms entire circumference
exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, between interstitial fuid
Arteries
Muscular arteries
Elastic arteries give rise to muscular arteries
deliver blood to body organs
Arterioles
smallest of all arteries
Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction of smooth
muscle
Elastic arteries
Act as pressure reservoirs that expand and recoil as blood is ejected from
heart
hick-walled with large, low-resistance lumen