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Psychopathology
DSM - Coggle Diagram
Psychopathology
DSM
Abnormality
1. Deviation from social norm
- breaks unwritten rules of society
- lacks culture bias/ changes over time
- easy to distinguish normal from abnormal
2. Deviation from statistical norms
- rare behaviour e.g. high IQ
- lacks culture bias/ some are desirable
- objective measure/real life application
3. Failure to function adequately
- unabe to cope with demands of daily life
- difficult to define
- real life application
4. Deviation from “ideal mental health”
- johodas 6 criteria to be met
- unrealistic/culture bias
- positive/ holistic
- positive self view
- self actualise
- resistance to stress
- autonomy
- accurate view of society
- being able to master your environment
Depression mood disorder characterised by strong emotions.
Clinical characteristics:
- physical: sleep disturbance, changed appetite, pain, lack of acitivity.
- emotional: low mood, anger, low self esteem
- cognitive: suicide, negative thinking, slower thoughts/poor concentration.
1. Major depression
- Sudden, episodes, unipolar
- Can be reactive which is caused by external factors
- Can be edogenous caused by internal factors
2. Manic depression
- cycles, bipolar, alternation between extreme moods of mania and depression.
- Manic is overeactivity, rapid speech and extreme happiness of agitation.
- Depression
One strength of the cognitive explination of depression is that there is research to support from Boury that depressed people are more likely to misinterpret negatively highlighting that there is evidence of cognitive bias’ in depressed people extorting reality. Furthermore, they felt hopeless about their future which supports the negative triad (becks research) which links self, world (negative misinterpretations) and future (hopeless).
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OCD: obsessive thoughts and/or compulsions
- obsessions are a cognition
- compulsions are a behaviour
Characteristics
1. Behavioural
- They are repetitive- feel compelled
- Reduce anxiety
- avoidance
2. Emotional
- anxiety and distress
- accompanying depressions
- guilt and disgust
3. Cognitive characteristics
- Obsessive thoughts
- hyper vigilant
- catastrophic thoughts
Biological treatment
- SSRI antidepressant works on increasing serotonin.
- blocks the re absorption and break down of serotonin
- SSRI blocks it at the presynapse, stays active in the synapse better chance of binding with receptor and stimulating post synaptic neurone
- placebo vs SSRI showed significant difference
- cost effective non disruptive
- side effects
- not effective fro everyone
CBT
— often used alongside to reduce symptoms (anxiety+depression)
ALternatives to SSRI
BZs anti-anxiety (GABA enhancing)
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