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06 SPAIN, BETWEEN ABSOLUTISM AND LIBERALISM, image, image, image, image,…
06 SPAIN, BETWEEN ABSOLUTISM AND LIBERALISM
1 THE REIGN OF FERNANDO VII AND THE RETURN TO ABSOLUTISM
After the restoration of absolutism by Fernando VII in 1814, liberal military uprisings followed and were then repressed
In 1820, troops under Lieutenant Colonel Riego, who were supposed to travel to America
Revolted against Fernando VII in Cabezas de San Juan and restored the Constitution of 1812
This marked the start of the Trienio Liberal
An unstable period because of conflict between moderate liberals
DÉCADA OMINOSA
In 1823, Fernando VII invoked the Treaty of the Holy Alliance between absolutist powers
Therefore an army of French soldiers and Spanish volunteers
Called the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis invaded Spain and the absolutist throne was finally restored
This marked the start of the Década Ominosa
A period in which the king took anti-liberal and conservative measures
Fernando VII began to make contact with the doceañistas to ensure that they supported his plan for his daughter Isabel to succeed him
In 1833, Fernando VII died. His daughter Isabel, still a child, inherited the throne
Fernando VII passed a new law before his death: the Pragmática Sanción
This replaced the Salic Law
This triggered a civil war between Carlos’s supporters and Isabel’s
This was the First Carlist War
2 THE REIGN OF ISABEL II: MODERATE LIBERALISM
Fernando VII died in 1833, and his daughter, Isabel II inherited the crown
Because she was still a minor, she had two regents
First, her mother María Cristina
Then, General Espartero
Military victory over the Carlists
When Fernando VII died, there were two contenders for the throne
His brother, the Infante Don Carlos, and his daughter, Isabel
Each of the contenders represented very different political options
The Carlists supported absolutism, while Isabel’s supporters wanted a transition to moderate liberalism
This led to the First Carlist War, which was won by Isabel’s supporters
Establishment of a constitutional monarchy
The absolutism of the Old Regime was disappearing thanks to the separation of powers
The monarchy still maintained a large portion of power
Isabel held the executive power and shared the legislative power with the parliament
Two-party system
Isabel held the executive power and shared the legislative power with the parliament
These parties represented the two types of liberalism
The Moderate Party and the Progressive Party
Constitutions
Two constitutions were established during Isabel’s regency and reign
The first, in 1837, was written by the progressive parliament
The second, in 1845, was approved by a moderate parliament favoured by the young queen
Centralism
Moderantism imposed a strongly centralised government
Despite different political tendencies on how autonomous or centralised the new state should be
Desamortizaciones
As a result of this process, land was expropriated by the state to be sold at public auction
This mainly affected property that was owned by city councils and the Church, whose power was limited
The two main desamortizaciones were carried out by the progressive governments of Mendizábal and Madoz
ALTERNATION IN POWER AND MILITARY REBELLIONS
Isabel II’s regime was based on the queen’s great power
She selected the country’s prime ministers from a group of moderate politicians
In an attempt to put pressure on the queen, the progressives resorted to a military uprising
First, the politicians conspired and planned the coup d’état
After the military revolted
The Década Moderada
The government’s position was very conservative, based on the Constitution of 1845
The progressives were marginalised and the recently created Democratic Party
Bienio Progresista
It began when a group of moderate, progressive and democratic troops seized power in a rebellion known as the Vicalvarada
Attempts were made to liberalise politics
Crisis of moderantism
During this period, the Moderate Party and the Liberal Union, a centrist party, alternated in power
Progressives, democrats, republicans and the Liberal Union signed the Pact of Ostend
3 SEXENIO DEMOCRÁTICO: DEMOCRATIC LIBERALISM
Between September 1868 and January 1874, Spain had a democratic liberal regime
The Revolution of 1868
Based on the agreement made in Ostend
Progressive General Juan Prim and General Serrano organised the Revolution of 1868
The democratic monarchy under Amadeo I
The Constitution of 1869 established a democratic monarchy
But the Parliament did not want a Bourbon monarch
The First Republic
There were four presidents during this 11-month period
Figueras, Pi i Margall, Salmerón and Castelar
GENERAL PAVIA’S COUP D’ÉTAT (1874)
Carlism, the beginning of workers’ protests with the heavy weight of anarchism and the war against the Cuban independence movement
This made it possible for Alfonso of Bourbon to return to the throne
