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Feminism and Women's movement in Europe before 1914 - Coggle Diagram
Feminism and Women's movement in Europe before 1914
Key themes and key people
19% of women aged 18-24 identify as feminist - 5% over 55
Men aged 25-34 particularly opposed to feminism - twice as likely men aged 65+ thing that "women's equality had gone to far"
61% of people aged 18-34 were sympathetic to feminism, compared to 77% of people aged 55+
The impact of the French revolution, campaigns for suffrage, campaigns for rights and conditions
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
"Thus the whole education of women ought to be relative to men" - "to please them, to be useful to them
Believed that the only reason women should be educated is to be better wives - not to be educated
His own wife could not read and he abused her
Mary Wollstonecraft
Wrote a Vindication of Women's Rights in 1792
Argued for the importance of educating for women - better for society she also played on the fears of critics by emphasising motherhood and how educating women can make them better mothers
Olympe de Gouges
Wrote the declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizens in 1791
'What gives you the sovereign right to oppose my sex'
She was guillotined for her political activism - ' A woman has the right to mount the scaffold. She must process equally the right to mount the speakers platform'
Women and revolution
Passive not active citizens - had rights but were excluded from politics
Female activism - 'March on Versailles' 5th October 1789 - market women forced the royal family back to Paris
Women's political groups - space for discussion - shut down in October 1793
The right to vote wasn't the main thing they wanted - more of a middle class want
1848
Feminist activist seeking equality - how could equality exist if women are being excluded
Women's clubs and newspapers in France and Germany - Relaxation of cencership
Voix Des Femmes - the voice of women - Female workers wrote to this newspaper to tell of the reality of their work
NOT JUST ABOUT THE VOTE - education, work and social status
In Germany - links between women's movement and socialism - greater connection with working class
The Resurgence
Campaigns in France and Germany - Maria Desraimes and Leon Richer founded Le Droit des Femme 1868
Suffrage was only party of the campaigns - education, equal pay, social protection for abused women
National Union of Women's Suffrage societies founded in Britain in 1897 led by Millicent Fawcett
Formation of Women's social and political union in Manchester in 1903 - Emmeline Pankhurst - was the more Militant wing of suffrage 'Deeds not words'
Women's industrial work
Working class women all had some sort of job - home life very middle class upwards
Female migration to industrial areas - factory and mill work
Mining women acted as drawers - pull trolleys of coal up out of the mine via a leather rope around their waste
Mines and Collieries act 1842 - banned women and children from working in mines - boys over 11 could
‘I worked at drawing when I was in the family way. I know a woman who has gone home and washed herself taken her to bed delivered a child and gone to work again under the week’
An interview given when the act was being considered
Growth in consumerism and wealth grew more opportunities for women - piece work, domestic service, shopgirls
Middle class women's jobs - teaching, nursing, clerical work - new white collar work
Prostitution
Josephine Butler campaigned for the welfare and rights for prostitutes
Contagious disease acts 1866 and 1869
More radical feminists fighting for greater reproductive freedom - contraception and abortion
Madeline Pelletier was the first female psychiatrist in France challenging gender norms - she wore men's clothes