What did they find out and do! used photos of children from different social class and asked teachers to rate their likely performance in education.Pupils from higher classes were seen as more likely to be successful than pupils from lower classes suggesting that labelling on the basis of appearance does take place.

Practical issues! difficult to gain permission for out of classroom lab experimnets with younger children so these experiments are usually restricted to teachers and older children so samples are limited

Ethical issues! Ethical concerns are around the difficulty in gaining Informed consent and the need for deception

Theoretical issues! as the setting is artificial it can be argued that these experiments lack validility (truthfulness)

what did they find out and do! label conducted interviews with young black American children to investigate whether children from disadvantaged backgrounds had poor linguistic skills. First set of interviews were formal, structured interviews by a white interviewer , seconds set were formal structured interviews by black interviewer and the third set were informal, unstructured interviews by a black interviewer . Labov discovered that only in the third set of interviews were pupils able to talk fluently suggesting that careful interview design is crucial to get valid results.

practical issues! Interviews in school require consent from head teachers and parents which may limit access also those in authority may wish to limit the questions asked sue to the potentially damaging (to the schools reputation) issues they may raise. interviewers also have to have a CRB (criminal records bureau) check which takes time. Interview questions have to be very carefully worded to avoid being leading and ensure that they use wording pupils can fully undertand.

ethical issues! interviews with children have to be very carefully designed to ensure that they don't cause distress, this limits the researcher as they must avoid potentially sensitive issues. confidentially needs to be assured, although if the interview reveals evidence of abuse interviwers have duty to report it which compromises confidentiality

theorietical issues! as revealed by the label study the validity of the interview responses may be affected by the way in which the interviewer is conducted and interviewer bias. Interviewers nay see the interviewer as an authority figure and therefore be unwilling to give full and frank answers.

what did they find out and do ! Willis conducted unstructured group interviews with his 12 lads in their schools, workplace and home

practical issues! if conducted with school or workplace permission of authority figures and parents is required, this is not always possible

Ethical issues! Anonymity must be guranteed in the write up, this can be difficult to ensure.Researches face an ethical dilemma if they witness rule breaking by children and they may have to put confdientiality above disclosure.

theoretical issues! validility of observational research in education may compromised by the Hawthorne effect how the observer interprets observations may mean that findings are vert subjective and thus lack validity and genrealisability
as observations are time and place specific reliability and generalisability are questionable
however it can be argued that observations are more valid than other types of research because it involves actual behaviour in real social settings.

What did they find out and do! mizra conducted non participant classroom obervations, meaning that she observed but didn't get involved in any of the activities or interact with pupils or staff, on the basis of these she conducted that young black girls were unintentionally patronised and not acamdically pushed enough

practical issues ! any observation which takes place in school requires permission from the head teacher and parents meaning access can be limited/restricted by authority figures. Observations can be time consuming.The researcher is limited to studying a small group of participants in one placenta one time

practical issues! validility if observational research in education may compromised by the Hawthorne effect. how the observer interprets observations may mean that findings are vert subjective and thus lack validility and genrealizability
as observations are time and place specific reliability and generalisability are questionable
however it can be argue that observation are more valid than other types of research because it involves actual behaviour in real social settings

what did they find out and do! willis observed the 'lads' at school, on nights out and at work, he undertook the same activities they did and got actively involved in discussions

practical issues! permission Is needed from the school and work place, observation is time consuming and often expensive

ethical issues! ensuring anonymity cab be difficult. convert observations are very unlikely to given the ethical go ahead due to the high level of deception
the researcher is placed in an ethically difficult position if they observe unpleasant or rule breaking behaviour

theoretical isseus! potential for the Hawthorne effect, this is countered however by researchers trying to spend as much time with participants are possible and participating in activities to try to develop report and therefore increase validity. characteristics of research e.g age and ethnicity may affect results.