Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Pain in the arm, Superior Radio-ulnar Joint, Cubital Fossa, Brachialis,…

- - - - Pain is a signal in your nervous system that something may be wrong.
    - - It is an unpleasant feeling, such as a prick, tingle, sting, burn, or ache
  - - - Nocireceptor
        
        found in
        
        Skin,muscles,
        most viscera
      - Perceive pain
        
        1-Transduction: stimuli converted by receptor to never impulse
        
        2-transmission: from spinal cord to brain
        
        3-central processing :interpretation by the brain
        
        4-modulations:reduce intensity
    - - Neo-spinothalamic tract
        
        Fast pain —sharp pain,electric pain
        
        NT:glutamate
        
        Axon: type c
      - Paleo-spinothalamic tract
        
        Slow pain —aching pain,chronich pain
        
        NT: substance P
        
        Axon: type A
  - - - exercising
      - Getting enough sleep
      - Practicing relaxation techniques:
      - Eating a nutritious diet
- - - - caused by borrelia
- - - - Opioids
        
        Paracetamol
        
        MOA
        
        a COX-1 inhibitor but weaker
        *Paracetamol does not inhibit the prostaglandins responsible for inflammation
        
        Side effects
        
        Allergic reaction, hypotension, heart palpitations and blood disorders (thrombocytopenia and leukopenia)
        
        MOA:
        
        Bind to receptors of the central and peripheral nervous system
        
        *These are G protein coupled receptors
        
        *This binding inhibits adenylate cyclase
        
        side effects
        
        Drowsiness, constipation, euphoric effect (addiction), nausea, vomiting and respiratory depression
      - NSAIDS
        
        MOA
        
        side effects
        
        Stomach aches, stomach ulcers, drowsiness, increased risk of myocardial infarction and anaphylactic shock
- - - - What are dermatomes?
        
        A area of skin supplied by sensory axons of a single spinal nerve
        Dermatomes are part of the peripheral nervous system
    - - 1-Localized abnormal skin sensation: itching or tingling to severe pain
      - 2-Erythematous maculopapular rash
        
        clear vesicles
        
        pustulation
        
        ulceration
        
        crusting
      - 3-Healing with scarring & pigmentation
      - 4-Post herpetic neuralgia : 8 to 70%
      - what is
        
        Postherpetic Neuralgia
        
        is neuropathic pain that occurs due to damage to a peripheral nerve caused by the reactivation of the varicella zoster virus
        
        cause
        
        happens if nerve fibers get damaged during an outbreak of shingles.
        
        signs & symptoms
        
        cutaneous scarring
        
        Pain that lasts three months or longer.
        
        Not being able to stand light touch.
        
        Itching or loss of feeling.
        
        could lead to
    - - Acyclovir – Inhibit DNA polymerase
      - aim
        
        Shorten the length and severity of the disease
        
        Prevent the infection but does not eliminate the infection
      - Varicella Zoster immunoglobulins:useful if used within 96 hours of exposure
      - VZIg are indicated for immunocompromised patients
- - - - Flexion:
      - Extension:
  - - - Superficial: flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis, pronator teres.
      - Intermediate: flexor digitorum superficialis.
      - Deep: flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus and pronator quadratus.
- - - - Physical Examination
        
        General observations and a mental status check are the first steps in the pain physical examination, a thorough neuromusculoskeletal evaluation. Observing, palpating, assessing range of motion (ROM), and testing reflexes, strength, and feeling come next. Provocative movements are then executed on the affected body part(s).
        
        examines
      - Facial expressions
      - Vocalisation
      - Body movement
      - Social interaction
      - Activities
      - Mental status
      - Autonomic signs