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Main concepts for the identification of English sound properties. - Coggle…
Main concepts for the identification of English sound properties.
Phonetics:
is a scientific description of
what speech sounds exist in a language
.
It represents
How they are produced.
How they are perceived.
What acoustic properties they have.
It describes
the ways the sounds are produced.
points at which they are articulated.
It seeks
to trace the processes physiologically involved in sound production.
Articulatory features of phonetics
Consonants
Point of articulation
Lips (Bilabial)
e.g.: /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/
peace, buy, map, wait
Lips-Teeth (Labio-dental)
e.g.:/f/, /v/
fix, view
Tongue-Teeth (Dental)
e.g.: /θ/, /ð/
thank, this
Tongue-Gum Ridge (Alveolar)
e.g.: /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/
take, day, sit, zoo, nice, less
Tongue - Palate (Palatal)
e.g.: /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /r/, /y/
she, education, choose, juice, rose, young
Tongue-Soft Palate (Velar)
e.g.: /k/,/g/, /ŋ/
kiss, green, hang
Throat (Glottal)
e.g.: /h/
hand, help
Mode of articulation
According to the vocal tract.
Plosive
e.g.: /p/, /b/
plumb, ball
Fricative
e.g.: /f/, /v/
fill, interview
Affricate
e.g.: /tʃ/,/dʒ/
choose, juice
Approximant
e.g.: /j/
yellow, year
Trill
e.g.: /r/
reach, right
Lateral approximant
e.g.: /l/
look, life, old
According to the vocal cords.
Voiceless
e.g.: /k/, /t/, /p/, /h/, /ʧ/, /f/, /θ/, /z/, /ʃ/
came, trough, put, how, choke, ferry, think, eyes, push
Voiced
e.g. /w/, /b/, /d/, /ʤ/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /l/, /r/, /w/, /j/, /t/, /g/, /v/, /ð/, /s/, /ʒ/
why, bear, done, ridge, make, run, thing, look, right, why, year, train, game, very, the, house, usually
According to the veil of the palate.
Nasal
e.g.: /m/, /n/,/ŋ/
move, neither, long
Oral
e.g.: /s/, /f/, /l/
sound, fear, load
Vocals
Point of articulation
Front
e.g.:
/iy/ɪ/ey/ɛ/æ/ keep, pick, name, deck, past
Central
e.g.:
/ɜr/ər/ʌ/ə/ɑ/ church, surprise, must, undo, job
Back
e.g.:
/uw/ʊ/ow/ɔ/ cute, put, low, bought
Mode of articulation
High
e.g.:
/iy/ɪ/ɜr/ər/uw/ʊ/ keep, pick, nurse, mother, food, good
Middle
e.g.:
/ə/ɛ/ey/ʌ/ow about, pet, take, cup, low
Low
e.g.:
/æ/ɑ/ɔ/ sat, stop, bought
Diphtongs
Mode of articulation
Low
e.g.:
/ɑɪ/ɑʊ/ɔɪ/ light, cow, boy
Point of articulation
Front
e.g.:
/ɑɪ/ pie
Central
e.g.:
/ɑʊ/ loud
Back
e.g.:
/ɔɪ/ voice
Phonology:
the regularities that govern the phonetic realisations of sounds in words of a language.
It looks and tries
to establish a system of sound distinctions relevant to a particular language.
It seeks
to determine how the elements of this abstract system behave in actual speech.
It delines the functioning of sounds in particular contexts.
Suprasegmental features
refers to
stress, tone or word juncture that extends over consonants and vowels, not only in a single sound but over phrases
Loudness (Intensity-dB)
e.g.:
ˌ
o
. ʊvɚ.ˈ
hwɛlm
. ɪŋ - -
o
.ver.
whelm.
ing. I could say that the loudness or stress in this word is in the first and third syllables.
Pitch (Frequency-Hz)
e.g.: I'm driving around in my car.
aɪm draɪ-vɪŋ ə-raʊnd ɪn maɪ kar.
This utterance can divide into 4 levels of intonation, and every tone group contains one nucleus. The nucleus is the syllable that is more prominent than any other syllable in the same tone group which is indicated by a yellow color and it refers to the nuclear tone where we must accentuate the voice.
Length (Duration-sec)
The changing of the tempo of an utterance may
increase
or
d e c r e a s e
its character.
e.g.:
Would you like to drink a coffee? /jɛs/ vs. /jɛ:::s/. The second /jɛ:::s/ is longer than the first. This could denote greater emotion, and more desire to drink coffee.
The
difference between phonetics and phonology
Phonetics describes the physical realisation of sounds and studies the physiological processes involved in sound production.
concerned with sound production
Phonology looks at the behavioural patterns of sounds in actual speech, their realisations in different environments, whatsoever these may be.
studies sound behaviour in realisation.
