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Aristotle's philosophy of nature - Coggle Diagram
Aristotle's philosophy of nature
Aristotle's Biography
Place: Stagira
Studied at Athens
Worked with other phillys
Work:
Treatesis
Philosophy of nature
Medicine
Aristotelianism vs Platoism
Forms are the experienced objects
Founder of the the school Lycem
Learn
from
experience
Lycee = Upper Secondary School
Tutor of Alexander the Great; Whose successor was a student of Aristotle's successor
Metaphysics and Epistemology
Problem
Traits
of an individual or an item
do not have a
prior existence because its existence belongs to the individual/item.
Individual sensible objects = primary realities/substances
What about everyday, fundamental objects like
wood, water air, stone, flesh?
Are they themselves corporeal, irreducible or are there more fundamental stuff?
Property has to be property of something
Properties cannot exist by themselves :angel:
Properties like color, weight, texture
serve the subjec
t
Main Idea: Real world consists of full and independent objects
Metaphysics: Where is the knowledge from?
Fundamentals
What is distance?
What is motion?
What is reality?
Epistemology: TOK
Form and matter
Form: White, hard rock
Matter: Substance for the form
Nothing special to it
No properties
Separating form from property = propertyless
Separating matter from property = no longer the properties of anything
Edifice: Complex system of beliefs
Aristotle focus was on individual, concrete object
Thus he studied the material work of individual, or nature and change. Something that can be interpreted by our senses.
Knowledge is gained through our senses
Knowledge is thus gained by experience. Thus,
empirical;
Inductitive not enough, deductive :check: PPT
Universally true :question:
Some of these methods were used in aristotle's own scientifies inquiries
real, familiar procedures apt for practice
Change
Change is genuine
Change of matter
Change
to the
intended form
Change is never random
; Changes
form
from
pair of opposites
States:
Being, Potentiallly being, Being
Acorn example, Sculptor with marble
:staff_of_aesculapius:
No info on the cause of change
Object has a nature (collection of attributes)
Growth
and development of organisms is
driven by an inner force
Ariticial obbjects
"If a
chariot
if constructed of wood and iron, the
nature of wood and iron
do not yield to a composite "nature of a chariot""
Not nature other than its ingredients
Contrived experiements restrict rather than reveal the nature of things
But that is also fine, because a
rich variety fo conditions/control variables are fulfilled
using a
procedure
that can give us answers
Formal cause
Form
Material cuase
Matter
of the form
Efficient cause
Agency causing change
Final cause
What for?
TO understand the arrangement of teeth, we must understand function
Has the
greater priority
because
without final cause we cannot determine matter
teleological
Humans
Material cause
Flesh, O2, H ca
Efficient Cause
Parents
Final cause
Differs person to person
Class discussion: Computer
Material cause: Materials and components
Motherboard
CPU
CPU
Storage device
Actual material
Silicon
Iron
gold
copper
Aluminium
Formal cause
A functional
machine
with
atleast 25 buttons
Efficient cause
Apple
Manufacturer
Made in China
Apple engineers
California
Final cause
To allow
computing
Accidental Change:
A man becoming a musician: a substance
losing or gaining a characteristic
while remaining the
same substance
Substantial change:
Acorn to oak tree
The elements are not indistinguishable from one another
in reality, the
world is composed largely of mixed bodies,
one always interfering with another
ideal is never attained.
paragraph 28 is so confusing
Earth and water are heavy? Fish tank example
They
descecnd towards the center of the universe
of their levity
because
air and fire are light they ascend towards the periphery
Arguing from his natural philosophy, he pointed out that since the
natural tendency of earth
is to
move toward the center of the universe
, it must
arrange itself symmetrically about that point
The
widespread myth that medieval people
believed in a
flat earth
is of modern origin.
space
, instead of being a
neutral, homogeneous has properties.
Sublunar region:
One is heavy while the other is light
Sublunar, superlunar
Change according to A:
Prime mover:
Unmoving mover:
A living deity,
representing the
highest good
,wholly actualized, totally absorbed
How do they cause motion?
Is the object of the
desire
for the celestial spheres, which endeavor to
imitate its changeless
perfection by a
ssuming eternal uniform circular motions
Aether
Is perfect
because its
used in the super lunar area
Natural motion vs violent motion
Natural motion
is
induced by itself
Violent
entails an
external force
Cosmology
Possibility of beginning
is
nuts
:explode:
ours is a world of
space,
whereas Aristotle’s was
a
world of place.
Heavy bodies
move toward their place at the
center of the universe
not because of a
tendency
to unite with other heavy bodies located there, but simply because it is their nature to
seek that central place
Must be
eternal
:angel:
Eternity
Upper and lower region
Up is the celestial region
The
celestial region
is completely filled with this
quintessence
(no void space) and divided into shells bearing hte planets
Down is the terrestrial region
with an
eternally unchanging cycle
The
sublunar region
is the scene of
generation, corruption, and impermanence.
Broken
into -
air, fire water and earth
Aristotle to the conclusion that the universe is full, a plenum, containing no void space. :question:
28 :!:
Death, birth and change
How can we handle what nature tells us?
Contemplation is the best thing about us, but the objects of intellect are the best of knowable objects.
Motion, terrestial and change
1. First is that motion is never spontaneous;
Motion toward the
natural place
of the moving body is
“natural” motion;
motion in any other direction occurs only under
coercion from an outside force
and is therefore a
“forced” or “violent” motion
.
All
real cases
of motion in the
terrestrial realm,
there will also be a
resistance or opposing force
Aristotle
The
times
required to cover a
given distance
will be
inversely proportional
to the
weights.
Different densities,
the
times
required to
traverse a given distance
are proportional to the
densities
of the respective
media
Questions:
It might seem fitting for such a region to be absolutely motionless, but this hypothesis is defeated by the most casual observation of the heavens. Aristotle therefore assigned to the heavens the most perfect of motions—continuous uniform circular motion.
Tutorial 1
1. View on reailty
Plato
Form:
Perfect, unchanging, spatial
Matter
Not Spatial, flawed
Aristotle
Form and matter are inseparable
Separating matter from property = properties of nothing
Separating form from matter = propertyless
2. What is form and matter
Matter is the material
Form is the collection of properties
Example: Composite: Clash royale characters
3. How to obtain knowledge
Aristotle:
Experience
becomes memory which becomes insight
Plato:
Dialogue