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Cognitive/Psychosocial Milestones - Coggle Diagram
Cognitive/Psychosocial Milestones
Piaget & Magical Thinking
Preschoolers are in the
preoperational phase
One of the main transitions btwn the phases is the shift from totally egocentric thought to social awareness & the ability to consider other viewpoints
Called Magical Thinking b/c of their egocentrism & transudative reasoning. - the belief that all throughs are powerful
Thinking places them in a vulnerable position of feeling guilty & responsible for bad thoughts, which may coincide w/ the occurrence of a wishful event. Their inability to logically reason the cause & effect of illness or injury makes it especially difficult for them to understand such events
Piaget
- Cognitive Development
Developed a theory to better understand the way a child thinks
Intelligence enables individuals to make adaptations to the environment that increase the probability of survival & through their behavior, individuals establish & maintain equilibrium w/ the environment
Each stage is derived from & builds on the accomplishments of the previous stage in a continuous, orderly process
Concept of Time
Preschoolers- the concept of time is still incompletely understood.
Child interprets it according to their own frame of interest
Time is best explained in relation to events
Avoid using words like: yesterday, tomorrow. next week, or Tuesday
Associate time w/ expected daily events
Imaginary Friends
Occurs usually btwn 2.5-3 yrs old- For the most part, they disappear after the child enters school
Firstborns kids have an increased incidence of imaginary companions (as do young girls, boys tend to impersonate characters)
Have many purposes: - Friends in times of loneliness, - Accomplish what the child attempts - Experience what the child wants to either forget or remember
Sometimes the child hopes to escape punishment by blaming a thing on the imaginary friend (Parents shouldn't allow for this to happen)
Parents need to be reassured that the child & fantasy is a sign of health. Also helps differentiate make-believe and reality
Body Integrity
Body Image: refers to the subjective concepts & attitudes that individuals have toward the body.
Consists of the physiologic, psychological, & social nature of one's image of self- All 3 of these components interrelate w/ one another
Complex Phenomenon that evolves & changes during the process of growth & development
The extent to which a characteristic, defect, or disease, affects children's body image is influenced by the attitudes & behavior of those surrounding them.
Infants
: receive input their bodies through self-exploration & sensory stimulation from others
Toddlers
learn to identify the various parts of their bodies & are able to use symbols to represent objects
Preschoolers
become aware of the wholeness of their bodies & discover the genitalia
School Age
begin to learn about internal body structures & function, and become aware of differences in body size & configuration. (Highly influenced by the cultural norms of society & cultural fads)
Adolescence
is the age where kids become most concerned about the physical self (face conflict over what they see & what they visualize as the ideal body structure. Body Image formation during adolescence is a crucial element in the shaping of identity)
Erikson's
- Psychosocial Development
The most widely accepted theory of personality development
Built on the Freudian Theory & emphasizes a healthy personality as opposed to a pathologic approach
Successful completion is built on the satisfactory completion or mastery of previous stage
Each Stage has 2 components: The favorable & The Unfavorable
Body Boundaries
Are Healthy limits you help your child establish about their genitalia & what kind of touching from others is appropriate or inappropriate
Despite the advance in body image development. Preschoolers have poorly defined body boundaries & little acknowledgment of their internal anatomy
Gratification Delay
Erikson's Phase: Trust & Mistrust (birth-1yr) - Failure to learn delayed gratification leads to mistrust: can result from either too much or too little frustration
If the delay is prolonged, infants will experience constant frustration & eventually mistrust others in efforts to satisfy them (Consistency of Care is
Essential
)
Trust is acquired in infancy and provides the foundation for all succeeding phases.
Allows infants a feeling of physical constant & security, which assist them in experiencing unfamiliar, known situation w/ minimal fear
Ritualism
Allows for the toddler to further explore autonomy. At this phase, the toddler is Erikson's phase of
Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Is the need to maintain sameness & reliability & provide a sense of comfort
Toddlers can venture out w/ security when they know familiar people, places, & routines still exist. W/out comfortable rituals, they will have little opportunity to exert autonomy