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Unit 5 Review Guide - Coggle Diagram
Unit 5 Review Guide
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Chargaffs Rules
After World War II, the biochemist Erwin Chargaff made some major discoveries about the nitrogenous bases in DNA. His research revealed the percentage of each base (A, T, G, and C) found in an organism’s DNA.
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structure of DNA
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The bonds between DNA bases are relatively weaker hydrogen bonds, which can easily be broken down. Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent bonds which lets DNA be taken apart easily.
You cut your finger, and need to make new skin cells and proteins to form a blood clot. quickly. Why would DNA need to have the property of coming apart easily?
Without DNA possessing the ability to come apart easily the genetic instructions cannot be transcribed and later translated for use of making proteins. Each protein has specific functions and to make proteins to aid blood clotting, the DNA is the blueprint.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is the process by which the instructions in our DNA are converted into a functional product, such as a
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When the information stored in our DNA ? is converted into instructions for making proteins ? or other
molecules, it is called gene expression ? .
Gene expression is a tightly regulated process that allows a cell to respond to its changing environment.
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There are two key steps involved in making a protein, transcription and translation.
DNA
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Antiparallel - The 2 backbones had to run in oppposide directions and the sugar-phosphate moelcues had to be on the outside with the bases on the inside
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DNA is a nucleic acid, which is a polymer of individual monomers known as nucleotides
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double helix, or a two-stranded molecule that winds into a spiral
ladder with the sugar and phosphate making up the sides of the ladder and the nitrogenous bases making up the rung
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DNA is copied in a process called replication. In replication, the DNA molecule is opened up, and the two sides are copied. Since the strands face in opposite directions (antiparallel), one side is easier to copy than another.
The deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate group make the backbone (aka the phosphodiester backbone) • There are four bases (A,T,G,C) in DNA
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RNA
RNA is a nucleic acid, which is a polymer of individual monomers known as nucleotides.
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Guanine cytosine
Adenine and guanine are purines, having two rings in their structure, just like DNA. Uracil and cytosine are pyrimidines with only one ring in their structure:
RNA is the nucleic acid that acts as a messenger between DNA and the ribosomes and carries out the process by which proteins are made from amino acids.
RNA is single stranded, although it can fold back on itself and form loops. A cell can contain at least 3 different forms of RNA.
Messenger RNA is a single strand, formed from one half of the DNA molecule. It is a mirror-image copy of the DNA strand and carries the message of the DNA from the nucleus out to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
Ribosomes are made of RNA, called ribosomal RNA.
Transfer RNA carries single amino acids from the cytoplasm and deposits them in the correct order in the growing protein chain during protein synthesis.
Instead of deoxyribose, RNA contains ribose sugar, which has an extra oxygen on it
• There are four bases (A,U,G,C)- uracil instead of thymine
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PCR
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Need: nucleotides (dNTPS), Taq Polymerase, DNA and DNA primers.
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Extension: 74 degrees celsius = nucleotides added, copies made
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Central Dogma
Transcription: converts the DNA code to mRNA. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter (the on switch) to create the mRNA one base at a time.
Translation: reads mRNA and makes protein by the ribosome binding to mRNA and tRNAs bringing amino acids to create polypeptides. Stop codons end translation, and the protein folds.
Protein Synthesis
Protein synthesis STARTS with a start codon and ends with a STOP codon. Keep these rules in mind when transcribing and translating the sequences below. base paring rules for DNA to RNA apply.
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