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Cardiovascular System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - right side- recieves oxygen poor blood from tissues- pumps blood to lungs and get rid of CO2, pick up O2 via pulmonary circuit
      - left side- receives oxygenated blood from lungs- pumps blood to body tissues via systematic circuit
    - - left atrium: receives blood returning from pulmonary circuit
      - right atrium- receives blood returning from systematic circuit
    - - left ventricle- pumps blood through systemic circuit
      - right ventricle- pumps bloods through pulmonary circuit
  - - - 2 superior atria
      - 2 inferior ventricle
    - - small thin waller chamber: contribute little to propulsion of blood
      - auricles: appendages that increase atrial volume
      - 3 veins empty into right atrium
        
        , coronary sinus: returns blood from coronary veins
        
        Inferior vena cava: Returnd blood from body regions below diaphragm
        
        auperior vena cava: returns blood from body regions above diaphragm
      - Left atrium: receives oxygenated blood from lungs
    - - right ventricle: most anterior surfac, pumps blood into pulmonary trunk
      - left ventricle: posterior inferiot surface, pumps blood into aorta
      - trabeculae carnae: irregular ridges of muscl on ventricular
      - papillary muscles: project into ventricular cavity, anchor chordae tendinae that are attached to heart valves
  - - - Tricuspid calce: right AV valve made up of 3 cusps and lie between right atria and ventricle
      - Mitral valve ( left AV valve, bicuspid valve): Made up of 2 cusps and lies between left atria and ventricle
      - Chordae tendlineae: anchor cusps of AV valves to papilary muscles that function to: hold flaps in closed position, prevent flaps from everting back into atria
      - function
        
        ventricles contract, forcing blood against AV valve cups
        
        Av valve closes
        
        Papillary muscles contract and chordae tendineae tighten, preventing valve flaps from everything into atria
        
        AV valve open: atria pressure greater than ventricular pressure
        
        Blood returning to the heart fills atria pressuring against the AV valves, increased pressure forces as AV valves open
        
        As ventricles fill, AV valve flaps hang limply into ventricle
        
        Atria contract forcing additional blood in ventricles
    - - 2 semilunar valves prevent back flow from major arteries back into ventricles
        
        open and close in response to pressure changes
        
        each valve consists of 3 cusps that roughly resemble a half moon
        
        aortic semilunar valve: located between left ventricle and aorta
        
        pulmonary semilunar valve: located between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
- - - - Maintains body temperature by absorbing & distributing heat
      - Maintains normal PH using buffers: Alkaline of bicarbon
      - Maintains adequate fluid volume in circulatory
  - - - Leukocytes (WBCs)
      - Erthrocytes (RBCs)
        
        Small diamete (7.5 mm) cells that contribute gase to transport
        
        Cell has biconcave disc shape is anuclate and essentially has no organelles
        
        Filled with hemoglobin for gas transport
        
        RBCs are delicated to respirtory gas transport
        
        Hemoglobin reversibly w/ oxygen
        
        Hematopoiesis: Formation of blood cells
        
        hormonal control: EPO that stimulates formation of RBCs, released by kidneys and is small in blood to maintain basal rate
        
        Erythropoiesis: formation of red blood cells
        
        Produced in red bone marrow
      - Platelets
    - - Plasma on top (55%)
        
        blood plasma is straw colors sticky fluid, plasma proteins are most abundant solutes, Albumin makes up 60% of plasma proteins
        
        Nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins in organic ions
      - WBCs and platelets in buffy coat (<1%)- thin whitish layer between RBCs and plasma layers
      - Erythocytes: On bottom (45% of whole blood)- hematocrit: percent of blood volume that is RBCs
- - - - 2 layers separated by flui-filled pericardium cavity (decreases friction)
      - parietal layer: lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
      - visceral layer (epicardium): on extreme surface of heart
- - - - B antigens and A antibodies
- - - - Pressure points; areas where arteries are close to body surface and can be compressed to stop blood flow in event of hemorrhaging
      - Radial pulse: taken at wrist is the most rountinely used but, there are other clinically pulse points
    - - Dorsalis pedis artery
      - posterior tibal artery
      - popliteal artery
      - femoral artery
      - radial artery
      - brachial artery
      - Common cartoid artery
      - Facial artery
      - Superifical temporary artery
  - - - Systolic pressure: Pressure extend in aorta during ventricular contraction
        
        left ventricle pumps blood into aorta imparting kinetic energy that stretched aorta
        
        averages 120 mm Hg in normal adult
      - Diastolic pressure: lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is rest
      - Measuring bllod pressure
        
        systemic and arterial BP is measured indirectly by a usculatory methods using a sphygmomanometer
        
        Wrap cult around arm superior to elbow
        
        Increase pressure in cuff until it exceeds systolic pressure in brachial artery
        
        Pressure is released slowly & examiner listens for sounds of korokoff w/ stethoscope
        
        Systolic pressure: normally less tgan 120 mm Hg
        
        Diastolic pressure: normally less than 80 mm Hg
    - - Factors aiding venous return
        
        Respiratory pump: pressure changes during breathing move blood toward heart by squeezing abdobinal veins as thoracic veins expand
        
        Sympathetic venoconstriction: Under sympathetic control, smooth muscles constrict, pushing blood back toward heart
        
        Muscular pump: Contstriction od skeletal muscles "milks" blood toward heart; valves prevent back flow
  - - - Circulatory shock: condition where blood vessel inadequately fill and cannot circulate blood normally
        
        Vascular shock: results from extreme vasodiliation and decreased peripheral resistance
        
        Cardiogenic shock: results when inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation
        
        Hypovolemic shock: results from large scale blood loss
- - - - Atrioventricular bundle
      - right and left bundle branches
      - Atrioventricular node
      - Subendocardial conducting: network purkinje fibers
      - Sinoatrial node
  - - - generates impulses about 75 x minute (sinus rythm, impulse spreads across atrial and AV node
  - - - Q-T interval: beginning on ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
      - S-T segmentz; entire ventricular myocardium depolarizaed
      - P-R interval: beginning of atria excitation to beginnning on ventricular excitation
      - T wave: ventricular repolarization
      - QRS complex: ventricular depolarazation and atrial repolarization
      - P wave: depolarization of SA node and atris
    - - With atrial depolarization complete, impulse is delayed with the AV node
      - With atrial depolarization complete ventricular depolarixation begin at apex cause QRS complex Atrial depolarization occurs
      - Atrial depolarization, initiated by the SA node, causes P wave
      - Ventricular depolarization to complex
      - Ventricular repolarization begins at apex causing T wave
      - Ventricular repolarization is complete
- - - - Venous valves: prevent backflow of blood most abundant in veins of limbs
      - venous sinuses: flattened veins w/ extremely thin walls
  - - - found in serous membrane intestinal mesenteries have 2 additional features that form special arrangement of capillaries
        
        Vascular shunt: channel that directly connects arteriole w/ venule ( by passes true capillaries)
        
        Precapillary spincter: act as valve regulating blood flow into capillaru bed
  - - - control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction of smooth muscle, also called resistance arteries because changing diameters change resistance to blood flow
      - lead to capillary beds