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Lexical features of translation, Aziza Shavkatova Guide-121 - Coggle…
Lexical features of translation
Tranlation of context-dependant words
Polysemantic words
A word having several meanings
1.He has a friendly
attitude
- Он к вам относится по-дружески
He is known for his racial
attitudes
- Он известен своими радикальными взглядами
Contextual meaning of the words
Micro context
A very narrow and a specific rather than general idea(grammatical, pholonogical,lexical, syntactic)
Macro context
The sociolinguistic(the social ranks of the interlocutors) environment of a textro context
Translation of headlines
Features of headings
All words may be capitalized
Structured as ellipses
Common form A nominative (N+N nouns)
Word combination with participle or a gerund
Colons and question marks are used to attract attention
Translation of context-independant words
Geographical names
Names of periodicals,ships,aircraft,streets,theatres and music groups
Transcribed: New York times-Нью-Йорк таймс, Downing street-Даунинг стрит
Translated: the Pacific ocean -Тихий океан
Transcribed: New Jersey-Нью- Джерси
Transmitted in a mixed way: North America-Северная Америка
Company names
Transcribed: General Motors Corporation-Дженерал моторс корпорейшн
Names of parties, international organizations an government services
Translated: the Federal Bureau of Investigation - Федеральное бюро расследований.
Exceptions: Labour party-Лейборская партия,Scotland yard- Скотланд ярд
Lexico-semantic transformations
Narrowing
The original meaning is used when the measure of information ordering of an initial unit is lower than the degree of ordering of the corresponding meaning unit in the TL
To explore the market - Исследовать местность, to investigate the market - исследовать рынок
Expansion/generalisation
Expansion of the original meaning takes place when the measure of information ordering of original unit is higher than the information ordering of the corresponding unit in the TL
The treatment turned to be successful - Лечение оказалось успешным, Their treatment of the situation - Их понимание ситуатции
Semantic development or modulation
With semantic development a word or phrase from the source language is replaced by a unit from the translated language , the meaning is logically derived from the meaning of the source unit
I don't blame them- Я их понимаю (Я их не виню потому что я их понимаю)
Emphatisation/ neutralisation
Difficulties in translation can arise from the mismatch of the emphatic potential of the words that in all other respects are the same
A cow-eyed girl - Девушка с большими глазами
Functional substitution
The need for this technique arises when none of the correspondances, offered by the dictionary doesn't fit the given context
The relaxation of the well-earned rest - наслаждаясь заслуженным отдхом
Descriptive translation
Whe none of the verbal matching techniques are appropriate for the situation tranlators usually use description
Кружало -kruzhalo (ring-shaped base of the cupola of the wooden church)
Translation of Americanisms
Orthography: Centre-center
Lexical composition:Biscuit-cookie
Phraseological terms: It went like a bomb
Grammar
Tanse agreement:He said he is feeling bad
Word order:She then watered the flowers
Prepositions:On weekends(US), At weekends (UK)
Past participle:Gotten(US),Got (UK)
Translation of international or pseudo-international words
International words
A word used in several languages and have the same or similar meaning:Radio-Радио
Pseudo-international words
Words similar in formand sounds but with different meanings :Accurate-песочный, не аккуратный
Translation of neologisms
Formation of neologisms
Prefixal and suffixal formation of new words:Finalize- Сделать окончательным
By conversation,substantination,adjactivation: the over-forties- люди свыше 40
Expanding the meaning: Umbrella-1.Прикрытие самолета, 2.Политическая защита
Transcription: overdraft- Овердрафт
Transliteration: Futures- Фьючерские сделки
Calque:Shadow cabinet-Теневой кабинет
Descriptive translation: Double-dipping-Двойной источник дохода
Non equivalent vocabulary
Realia - an object ,a thing,tengibly existing or having existed, often connecting the word in the sense of "life"
Antroponyms:Scrooge- Скрудж
Toponyms:Boston Pops - Бостонской оркестр популярной музыки
Works of literature and art: Pop art- Поп-арт
Techniques for transmitting realia
Transliteration: Ford- Форд
Translation(or substitution)
Calque/Half calque:Victory Day- День Победы
Approximate translation
Generic substitution:Боржоми- минеральная вода
Functional analogue: Сто пудов - очень тяжелый
Description
Transcription:Совет- Soviet
Aziza Shavkatova Guide-121