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Cardiovascular system Belinda Santiago Period 2 - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular system Belinda Santiago Period 2
Major Components of bld
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)- bottom lyr & 45% of whole bld, most dense; small diameter, cells that contribute 2 gas trnsport, bicon cave disc shape, anucleate, no organelles, filled w Hb 4 gas trnsport
White blood cells (leukocytes)- in buffy coat <1%; middle lyr; fnctn- defense against disease; can leave capillaries & move thru tsu spaces
Platelets- frgmnts of larger megakaryocyte involvd in bld clottng process; fnctn: form temporary platelet plug tht helps seal breaks in vssls
Blood plasma- staw-colord sticky fluid; nutrients gases, hormones, wastes, proteins; top & 55%; least dense
Agranulocytes- don't contain visible cytoplsmc granules (lymphocytes & monocytes)
Granulocytes- visible cytoplsmc granules (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
ABO, Rh blood types
AB
Antigens: A & B; Plasma antibdies: None; Bld tht can b recieved: all bld types, "universal recipient"
B
Antigens-B; Antibdies- Anti A; Receives- B,O
A
Antigen- A,; Antibdies: Anti-B; Recieves: A,O
O
Antigen- None; Antibodies: Anti-A & Anti-B; Receives: O "universal donor"
The positive or negative sign next to the blood groups is known as the Rhesus (Rh) factor.
Most ppl r positive; during pregnancy, being Rh-neg can be a problem if ur baby is Rh-positive, ur bdy will start to make antibodies that can damage your baby's red blood cells
Major fnctns of the cardiovascular system
help maintain a constant bdy temp
transport of nutrients, O2 and hormones
removes metabolic wastes such as carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes
protect bdy frm infectn and bld loss
Anatomy of the heart (inclding chambers and valves)
4 chambers
Right Ventricle
Pumps bld thru pulmnry circuit; oxygn poor bld; to lungs
Left Ventricle
pumps bld thru systmc circiut; oxygn rich bld; to bdy
Left Atrium
receives bld returning frm pulmonry circuit; oxygen rich bld; frm bdy
Right Atrium
receiving chamber of heart; receives bld returning frm systmc circuits; deoxygenatd bld frm lungs
Valves
Pulmonary valve
btween R vnctcle and pulmonry trunk; prevent backflow of bld frm major arteries in2 vntricles
Tricuspid Valve
R AV Valve; made of 3 cusps & is btween R atria and vntrcle
Bicuspid/mitral valve
L AV Valve; made of 2 cusps & is btween L atria & vntrcle
Aortic semilunar valve
btween L vntrcl & aorta; prevnt backflow of bld frm major arteries 2 aorta
Atria: recieving chambers
Coronary arteries
frm base of aorta & supply arterial bld 2 heart; heart receives 1/20th of bld supply
Coronary veins
cardiac veins- collect bld frm capillry beds
Layers of heart
Epicardium
visceral pericardium; xternal surface of heart
Myocardium
circular or spiral bundls of contractile cardiac mscl cells
Endocardium
innrmost lur; continuous w/ endothelial lining of bld vssls; lines heart chambers
Parietal Pericardium
thin sac of tsu that surrounds the heart; prtctn 4 heart and big vssls, & lubrication 2 reduce friction btween heart & the surrounding structures.
Bld flow thru heart and bdy
body –> inferior/superior vena cava –> right atrium –> tricuspid valve –> right ventricle –> pulmonary valve pulmonary trunk/arteries –> lungs –> oxygen rich pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> mitral or bicuspid valve –> left ventricle –> aortic valve –> aorta –> deoxygenated bld --> body.
Structural and fnctnal differences btween bld vssl types (arteries, veins, capillaries)
Arteries
carry bld AWAY frm heart; oxygenated xcept 4 pulmnry circultn and umbilical vssls of fetus; thick and muscular
Veins
carry bld TOWARD heart; deoxygenatd xcept 4 pulmnry circultn and umbilical vssls of fetus; larger and thicker than capillaries but visible sometimes
Capillaries
direct contact w tsu cells; directly serve cellulr needs; narrow and thruout bdy; visible sometimes; dont have 3 lyrs or tunics; endothelium w/ sparse basal lamina; microscopc
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
Electrocardoigrams (ECG)
graphc recordng of electrc activity; composite all actn potentials at given time; not tracng of singl AP; eletrodes placed @ various points on bdy 2 measure voltage differences
Main ft. - P wave: depolariztn of SA node and atria, QRS complx: vntrculr depolariztn & atrial repolariztn, T wave: vntriculr repolariztn, P-R interval: beginning of atrial xcitatn to beginning of vntricular excitatin, S-T segmnt: entire vntriculr myocarium depolarizd, Q-T interval: beginning of vntricular depolariztn thru vntricular repolarization
Cardiac cycle
Diastasis- All chambers are relaxed, AV valves open blood flows into ventricles.
Atrial systole- SA node fires, atrial depolarization shown as P wave on EKG, Atrial kick last 20% or blood into ventricle, heart sound 4 heard turbulence caused by blood rushing into ventricles
Isovolumic contraction of ventricles- Atria repolarize & relax, vntrcles depolarize, QRS complex, Ventricles initiate contraction, raising pressure closes AV valves, Heart sound one turbulence against AV valves
Ventricular ejection-Rising pressure causes aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves to open
Isovolumic relaxation of ventricles- Appears as T wave, ventricles repolarize, semilunar valve closes, AV valve remains closed, ventricles expand but do not fill, heart sound 2 (turbulence against semilunar valve)
Ventricular filling-AV valve opens, Heart sound 3; Turbulence caused by inrush of blood into ventricles when passive ventricular filling
Major blood vessels (names arteries and veins)
Aorta
carries blood away from your heart to the rest of your body thru aortc valve
Pulmonary trunk
controls blood flow out of your lower right heart chamber (right ventricle)
Pulmonary veins
transfer freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atria of the heart
Superior and inferior vena cava
largest vein in the bdy; sup vena cava carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest; inferior vena cava carries blood from the legs, feet, and organs in the abdomen and pelvis.
Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
Lub
Purkinje fibrs
correspnd w/ state of vntrculr systole
fairly loud
closure of AV valves
Dup
correspnd w.ventriculr diastole
softr sound; closure of aortc & pulmnry valve
Heart rate
normally 60-100 bpm
Bld prssr
Diastolc
adults> 80 mmHg
cardiac diastole prssr in arteries is lower
Systolic
adults >120 mmHg
L vntricle contracts and pushes bld in2 aorta
Bdy Temp.
97-99 F
Pulse
averaging 60-80 bpm
noramlly represnts heart rate
measured in beats per min
Repiratn Rate (RR)
12-20 breaths/min
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
heart attack
happens if flow of O2-rich blood to a section of heart mscl = becomes blocked and the heart can't get O2. Most heart attacks occur as a result of coronary heart disease
heart failure
The inability of the vntrcls(s) to fill or pump enough bld to meet the body's O2 and nutrient needs
valve disease
malformations of the heart valves, such as missing one of its leaflets
stroke
interruption in bld flow 2 brain tht results in the death of brain cells & can have consequences for movement, sensation or emotions.
heart rhythm disorders
irregular heartbeat; faulty signaling causes the heart to beat too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia) or irregularly
Major fnctns of bld
Transportation
Deliver O2 & nutrients 2 bdy cells; transhport metabolc wastes to lungs and kidneys
trnsport hormones frm endocrine organs 2 target organs
Regulation
maintain bdy temp; maintain normal pH using buffers, maintain adequate fluid volume
Protection
prevent blood loss using plasma proteins and platelets to initiate clot formation, prevent infectn (agents of immunity carried in bld)