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SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Hard discs are the most common magnetic storage units, they position millions of tiny magnets in two possible positions that represent 0 and 1
      - To access a piece of data, the disc spins arond until the read head is above the area where that piece of data is stored
      - External hard discs are very useful because they are easy to transport
    - - DVDs, CD-ROMs and Blu-ray Discs have series of growes in their surface that store data. The disc drive emits a laser that reflects off the flat areas. The light is recieved in the optical sensor and it turns it into a 0 or a 1
      - Blu-ray uses a special blue laser that allows us to store much more information
    - - Solid-state memories store information using transistors acting like switches that can be opened or closed
      - Some examples are memory cards and pen drives
  - - - Slots
        
        Slots are used to add or expand new components, such as a sound card or a network card. Slots can be PCI or PCI-Express
      - IDE, ATA or SATA connectors
        
        These connectors conect the hard disk, the CD drive and DVD to the motherboard
      - Chipset
        
        It is a number of integrated circuits that are designed to perform related functions. They control the flow of bits from and to the motherboard and determine the type of components (such as microprocessors) that we can use
      - Input and output ports
      - All the previous things have to be done with electricity. The computer has a power supply unit that transforms a 230V alternating current into a low-voltage direct current
    - - Using an expansion slot on the motherboard, to connect a graphics card or a sound card
      - Using special connectors on the motherboard, for some devices, such as the hard disk or DVD drives
      - Using external ports on the side or back of the computer, such as the USB port
      - It is also necessary to install a driver that allows the device to communicate with the operating system. The operating system automatically installs drivers for most devices
      - It is also possible to install new devices using the software provided by the device manufacturer. To do this, we nedd to use one of the following tools
        
        "Asistente para agregar hardware" in Windows
        
        "Informe sobre nuevos dispositivos (Hermes)" in Linux
      - Operating systems have also device managers that allow you to view and change device properties, update drivers or uninstall software
        
        "Administrador de dispositivos" in Windows
        
        "Gestor de dispositivos" in Linux
- - - - Star
      - Ring
      - Linear
  - - - All the computers need a network card or an adaptator to send and recieve information to the other computers
      - The hub distributes all the information it recieves between the other computers in the network. It can be replaced with a switch
      - This information travels down a transmission medium, it is usually a cable similar to a telephone wire, but it can also be a coaxial or
        fibre optic cable
  - - - Using Internet conexion saving
      - Using a router
- - - - Eight bits together form a Byte (B). Bytes have different multiples
        
        Multiply by 1000
        
        Kilobyte
        
        1000 bytes
        
        Megabyte
        
        1000 kilobytes = 1000000 bytes
        
        Gigabyte
        
        1000 megabytes = 1000000000 bytes (10^9)
        
        Terabyte
        
        1000 gigabytes = 1000000000000 bytes (10^12)
        
        Multiply by 1024
        
        Kibibyte
        
        1024 bytes
        
        Mebibyte
        
        1024 kibibytes = 1048576 bytes
        
        Gibibyte
        
        1024 mebibytes = 1073741824 bytes
        
        Tebibyte
        
        1024 gibibytes = aaa
    - - We create codes combinating 7 bits (there are 128 combinations), every code correspond to a character
  - - - The hardware is the name that we use to noun the physical components that we use and the components we can touch and move, like the keyboard and the mouse
    - - Software or programs refer to the data and the instructions that we use to manage the data
    - - Input of data using peripheral services
      - Output of data using peripheral services
      - Storing data in the storage services
      - Processing data in the CPU using the microprocessor and the memory
- - - - Click on what you want to share and select "Compartir"
      - Select "Compartir esta impresora"
      - Go to: Inicio, impresoras and faxes
      - You can use a printer connected to another computer of the network if you make it the default printer
    - - If you want to access to a shared folder, you have to go to "Mis sitios de Red", next you have to select "Ver equipos del grupo de trabajo" and finally you have to double-click on the computer where the share folder is located
      - Select "Compartir esta carpeta en la red"
      - Click on the folder you want to share and select "Compartir y Seguridad"
  - - - Go to: Sistema, Administración, Usuarios y grupos
      - Click on "Añadir usuario"
    - - Go to: Sistema, Administración, Impresoras and open "Configuración de la impresora"
      - Click on "Nuevo"
    - - Go to: Lugares, Red and doubleclick on a workgroup. Then, select then computer you need
      - If you want to share a folder of your computer to other computers, you havev to click on that folder and select "Opciones de compartición", then you have to choose how that folder will se shared
- - - - It is the first thing that appears when you turn on your computer and the last thing that you see when you are turning it of
      - All computers need an operating system
      - The operating system does a lot of things
        
        Provides a work environment that makes easier to access all the applications
        
        Find information about different elements of the computer
        
        Manage the files and folders
        
        Most used are Windows, Linux and Mac OS
        
        Process to open an application
        
        The operate system copy the application from the hard disk to the RAM, then, it loads it onto the screen
        
        Now, the program is the active application. It recieves data from the keyboard and instructions to the microprocessor using the operating system
        
        When we save a document, the operating system transfers the data to a free space on the hard disk
        
        When you click on ``Imprimir´´, the word processor will send the command to the operating system, which sends the signals to the printer
        
        When we close the word processor, the operating system deletes the application from the memory, but not from the hard disk
        
        Functions
        
        Manages the microprocessor
        
        Manages the memory and the storage system
        
        Provides an interface or working environment for the user
        
        Allows comunication between applications and peripheral devices
    - - Programming languages are programs that can be used to create another programs
    - - Word processors
      - Spreadsheets
      - Presentations
      - Database management tool
      - Drawing programs
      - Antivirus, software, file compressors, web browsers, webmail software, games...