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Chapter 9: Intergovermental organizaitons and nongovermental organizaitons…
Chapter 9: Intergovermental organizaitons and nongovermental organizaitons
key terms
Intergovermenal organizaitons
The creation of IGOs
International institutions are often the heart of international cooperation
One set of poroblems is that cooperation on techical, nonpolitical adn transnantional issues that states often cannot address individually
Another problem IGo help solve is the management of collective goods
collective good
a public good that is available to all regardless of individual contribution—e.g., the air, the oceans, or Antarctica—that no one owns or is individually responsible for
What we call a functionalist approach advocates building on and expanding the habits of cooperation in these types of issue areas, nurtured by groups of technical experts outside formal state channels.
the neoliberal institutionalist reasoning: international institutions, which are sets of rules meant to govern international behavior through treaties and formal organizations, foster cooperation to help states solve common problems.
Intergovernmental organizations- international institutions established by statutes whose members are the government of states- are widespread in the ir system today
i
ntergovernmental organizations (IGOs)
international agencies or bodies established by states and controlled by member states that deal with areas of common interest
The role of IGos
UNited nations, the world bank and the interntional civil avaition organizaion can help states address major problems in the Ir sysytem./ IGO foster habits of cooperation as states become socialized ro reugular internatctions such as the european union
For states, IGO both expand the possibilities for foreign police malking and add to the constraints unde which states conduct and in particular implement forgoing policy
States join IGO and uyse them as a instrument of forgein policy
The United NAitons
The UN can be traced toa number of movement sin the 19 and 20th century
But, most of all, the United Nations is a product of the League of Nations experience.
Founded following World War I, the goal of the League was to end all wars; indeed, half of the League Covenant's provisions focused on preventing wa
The absence of great-power support for the League was most evident in its failure to attract the United States to join the organization, and the League could not prevent the outbreak of World War II.
The United Nations built on the League's successes and tried to correct some of its weaknesses.The absence of great-power support for the League was most evident in its failure to attract the United States to join the organization, and the League could not prevent the outbreak of World War II
Principal Organs of the United Nations
Basic Principles and Changing Interpretations
ver the life of the United Nations, changing realities have significantly challenged each of these principles
The third principle is that the United Nations is designed primarily to maintain international peace and security.
First, the United Nations is based on the notion of the sovereign equality of member states, as is consistent with the Westphalian tradition.
Second is the principle that only international problems fall within the jurisdiction of the United Nations.
Over the life of the United Nations, the once-rigid distinction between domestic and international issues has weakened, leading to a reinterpretation or, some argue, an erosion of sovereignty
Global telecommunications and economic interdependencies, international human rights, election monitoring, and environmental regulation all infringe on traditional areas of domestic jurisdiction and hence on states' sovereignty.
Although the founders of both the League of Nations and the United Nations focused on security in the realist, classical sense—protection of national territory and sovereignty—the United Nations is increasingly confronted with demands for action to support a broadened view of security.
Structure
The structure of the United Nations was developed to serve the multiple roles assigned by its Charter, but incremental changes in that structure have accommodated changes in the international system, particularly the increase in the number of member states from 51 in 1945 to 193 in 2021.
The security council: tasked with the issue of international peace and security. kept small to facilitate swift decisions. 15 members.
Chapter VII of the UN Charter, the Security Council has the power to authorize economic sanctions or the use of force against a state that violates international peace and security
Principal Organs of the United Nations
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
Coordinates economic and social welfare programs; coordinates action of specialized agencies (FAO, WHO, UNESCO)
54 members elected for three-year terms
International Court of Justice
Noncompulsory jurisdiction on cases brought by states and international organizations 15 judges
Secretariat, headed by Secretary-General
Secretariat: gathers information, coordinates and conducts activities; secretary-general: chief administrative officer, spokesperson
37,000 under the authority of the secretary-general.
General Assembly
Debates any topic within Charter’s purview; elects members to special bodie
The bulk of the work of the General Assembly is done in six functional committees: Disarmament and Security; Economic and Financial; Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural; Political and Decolonization; Administrative and Budgetary; and Legal
Security Council
Peace and security: identifies aggressor; decides on enforcement measures
Key poltiical issues
he United Nations was instrumental in the legitimation of the new international norm that colonialism and imperialism are unacceptable state policies. By the mid-1960s, most former colonies had achieved independence with little threat to international peace.
Peacekeeping
Traditional peacekeeping
characterizes much of the UN’s early peacekeeping missions. In traditional peacekeeping, multilateral institutions such as the United Nations seek to contain conflicts between two states through third-party military forces
nvited in by the disputants, the troops operate under UN auspices, supervising armistices, trying to maintain cease-fires, and physically interposing themselves in a buffer zone between warring parties.
Complex (or multidimensional) peacekeeping
activities respond to civil war and ethnonationalist conflicts within states. And in some cases the UN has not been invited in by the established authorities.
peacebuilding
—working to maintain law and order in failing or disintegrating societies by aiding in civil administration, policing, and rehabilitating infrastructure
peacekeepers have provided humanitarian aid, supplying food, medicine, and a secure environment
Enforcement and chapter V11
UN sanctions are still an important tactic used to help protect international peace and security today
At the end of 2020, the Security Council was operating 14 sanctions programs through Chapter VII.
The european union 0organizing regionallyEuropean Union (EU)
a union of twenty-eight European states, formerly the European Economic Community; designed originally during the 1950s for economic integration, but since expanded into a closer political and economic union
Other Regional Organizations: The OAS, the AU, and the Arab League
Group of 77
a coalition of about 125 developing countries that press for reforms in economic relations between developing and developed countries; also referred to as the South
nongovermental organizaiotns
NGOS perform a variety of functions and role sin the international realtions
advocate specidfic policies and offer alternative channels of political participation.
mobilizew mass publics as
n later conferences NGO participation has not been as effective. In a few cases, NGOs take the place of state, providing services that an inept government is not providing or stepping in for a failed state
they are not sovereiign and do not have the same kinds of power resources as states.
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
private associations of individuals or groups that engage in political, economic, or social activities, usually across national borders
These include GONGOs (government-organized NGOs), BINGOs (business and industry NGOs), and DONGOs (donor-organized NGOs), to name a few.
do IGO and NGO make a difference
The Realist View
Realists are skeptical about intergovernmental organizations and nongovernmental organizations, though they do not completely discount their place.
iberals argue that IGOs and NGOs do matter in international politics. To liberals, these organizations and institutions do not replace states as the primary actors in international politics, although, in a few cases, they may be moving in that direction
Constructivists place critical importance on institutions and norms.32 Both IGOs and NGOs can be norm entrepreneurs that socialize states and teach them new norms. Over time, those norms are internalized by states themselves; they can change state preferences and shape their behavior.
Contending Perspectives on IGOs and NGOs
Realism/ Neorealism
igo
Skeptical of their ability to engage in collective action
ngo
Not independent actors; power belongs to states; any NGO power is derived from states
Liberalism/Neoliberal Institutionalism
igo
Important independent actors for collective action; neoliberals see as forums
ngio
Increasingly key actors that represent different interests and facilitate collective action
Constructivism
igo
Both IGOs and NGOs can be norm entrepreneurs and can socialize states, leading to changes in state behavior
ngo
Both IGOs and NGOs may lead to dysfunctional behavior, but may also represent new ideas and norms
key terms
IGOs and NGOs have acted in conjunction with states to address traditional international relations issues such as state security and the international political economy, as illustrated in this chapter. But in nontraditional issues like human rights and human security—including the environment, migration, and health—IGOs and NGOs have played a more independent and catalyzing role