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Chapter 5: The State and the Tools of Statecraft - Coggle Diagram

- - - - power potential
        a measure of the power an entity like a state could have, derived from a consideration of both its tangible and its intangible resources; states may not always be able to transfer their power potential into actual power
  - - - Geogrpahic power is wither magnified or constrained by natural resources a second source of natural powerrr potential.
    - - China One belt one road
    - - population
        
        china 1.4 billion people
      - natural resources
        
        oil, uramium
      - geographic size and position
        
        russia, US
  - - - natureal resources
      - population
      - geography
    - - charateristics of military
      - indiucstrial development
      - leels of insfastructure
    - - Public support
      - national image
      - leadership
  - - - power
      - the ability not only to influence others but also to control outcomes so as to produce results that would not have occurred naturally
      - power potential
      - a measure of the power an entity like a state could have, derived from a consideration of both its tangible and its intangible resources; states may not always be able to transfer their power potential into actual power
      - hard power
      - states using various sources of power (economic or military) to coerce other states into adopting actions in its interests
      - soft power
      - the power to attract states to change their behavior rather than having to coerce them into doing so; power is based on the legitimacy of the state’s values or its policies
      - smart power
      - using a combination of the hard power of coercion with the soft power of persuasion and attraction
- - - - positive sanctions
    - - nmegative sanctions
    - - the activity
        
        Allow sensitive trade with target state, including militarily useful equipment.
        
        Give corporations investment guarantees or tax breaks as incentives to invest in target state.
        
        Give the target state trading privileges as an incentive for policy change.
        
        Allow importation of target state’s products into your country at best tariff rates.
    - - Prohibit certain financial transactions
      - Freeze target state’s assets.
      - Arms embargo.
      - Export or import limits of selected technology and products.
        
        Somalia (ban on charcoal industry, the main source of income for al-Shabaab
      - Comprehensive sanctions.
        
        U.S. sanctions against Iraq, 1990–2003, to pressure regime to dismantle weapons of mass destruction.
  - - - with the strategy of compellence, a state threatens to use force to try to get another state to do something or to undo an act it has undertake.
        
        Threats of war are used as a instrument of policy to dissuade a state from pursuing certain courses of action.
        
        state threatens to use force to try to get another state to do something.
    - - states commit themselves to punishing a target state if that state takes a undesired action. War threatsif the target state does not take the undesire action, deterrence is successful and conflict is avoided.
- - - - clearly identifies the problem
      - educates goals
      - State: unitary actor
      - determines policy alternatives
      - analyzes cost and benefits of alternatives
      - selets action that produces best ouutcomes aand least cost
  - - - ephasizes different goverment organizations standard operating procedures and routines.
      - decisions arising from organiziaotnal proceesses depend heabily on precedent which is used to develop the organizaiotns SOP/
      - his can result in inconsistent policies at the state level with different organizations following their different SOPs, leading to different actions being adopted by the organizations.
    - - According to this model, decisions are made from the tug-of-war among different departments, groups, or individuals representing different interests within the government
      - Trade and environmental policy are prominent examples of the bureaucratic politics model of decision making at work.
      - satisficing
        in decision-making theory, the tendency of states and their leaders to settle for the minimally acceptable solution, not the best possible outcome, in order to reach a consensus and formulate a policy
    - - Societal groups have a variety of ways of forcing favorable decisions or constraining adverse decisions.
      - Liberals especially turn to these models of decision making in their analyses because, for them, the state is only the playing field.
        
        For liberals, the places to look to explain policy decisions are the organizations, the competing interests within the government, and sometimes within society itself
    - - Constructivists hold that foreign policy decisions are based on two major factors.
        
        Second is the leaders’ interpretation of international norms. Foreign policy decisions are determined by leaders’ beliefs that their actions are congruent with the international norms they have appropriated.
        
        First is the country’s strategic culture: the decision makers’ interpretation of a country’s historical experience, including philosophies, values, institutions, and understandings of its geography and development.
    - - Realism
        
        Determinants of Foreign Policy
        
        Largely external/international determinants
        
        How Foreign Policy Is Made
        
        Emphasis on rational model of decision making; unitary state actor assumed once decision is made
        
        Using State Power
        
        Emphasis on coercive techniques of power; use of force acceptable
      - Liberalism
        
        Using State Power
        
        Broad range of power techniques; preference for noncoercive alternatives
        
        How Foreign Policy Is Made
        
        Bureaucratic/organizational and pluralist models of decision making
        
        Determinants of Foreign Policy
        
        Largely domestic determinants
      - Constructivism
        
        Using State Power
        
        Power is tool of elites for socializing societies through norms
        
        How Foreign Policy Is Made
        
        Decisions based on norms and strategic culture that regulate policy sectors
        
        Determinants of Foreign Policy
        
        External determinants in combination with domestic civil society