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Chapter 7: Internatinal cooperations and Intenrational Law - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 7: Internatinal cooperations and Intenrational Law
Internatianl cooperation: when states adopt behavior consistent with preference of other states in order to achive common objectives like avoiding war,nreconcliling trade imbalances, stopping cybercrime.
States are sovereign and ther eis no world government forcing cooperation's or preventing states from attacking anyone.
realism and the cooperation
realist reconize that the internatinal cooperation is difficult to achieve: two key problems
Prisoners dilemma
the problem of being cheated by another stes. if you are being nice and someone exploits that niceness in order to gain more then this is prisoners dilemma.
ma dilemma that attempts to secure best interest while remaining thinking about what the opponet will do because they watn tehir best interest aswell
Realative gains
refers to how much more one state hains over another from a given interaction.
Other Liberal Explanations of Cooperation
Neoclassical liberal theory of cooperation provides a positive conception of human nature to help understand why states are likely to cooperate
It argues that democratic political processes, economic interdependence and international institutions are key factors that foster international cooperation. The more economically interdependent states are, the less likely they are to experience economic losses from war, making them less likely to engage in conflict with one another.
nternational institutions not only facilitate the negotiation of agreements by lowering transaction costs, but also foster cooperation after those agreements have been reached.
economic interdependence in fostering cooperation
Neoliberal Institutionalism and Cooperation
According to neoliberal institutionalists, international institutions play an important role in fostering the reciprocity between states that can sustain cooperation.
neoliberalist institutionalism is the breanch of liberal thoery that addresses the cooperation problem posed by realist most directly.
Neoliberalism accept the fact that the internatinla system is anarchic and the states are unitary actors that pursue their own self interest in a rational way and that no authoriyt can dorce the states to cooperate. They argue that it is often ownself interest to do so
They also create a "bright line" of a behavioral standard that enables states to align their expectations about what cooperative behavior looks like.
Constructivism and Cooperation
Constructivists point to the shared identity of democracies, in particular, to help explain cooperation.
For constructivists, not every move is a strategic calculation. Cooperation is often driven simply by states' shared expectations that their interactions will be cooperative. The norm of cooperation between the states thus drives further cooperation.
key terms
prisoner’s dilemma
a theoretical game in which rational players (states or individuals) choose options that lead to outcomes (payoffs) such that all players are worse off than under a different set of choices
shadow of the future
states’ expectations about how long they will continue to interact in the future
economic interdependence
states mutually rely on one another for goods and/or economic gain
transaction costs
the costs of making an exchange
international law
sources of interntiaonal law
customs:
Vityually all laws come from customs. Habits become ingrained as more states follow the same scustome and evntually the body codifies in to custom laws.
Treaties
treaties are written agreements among states that lay out rights and obligations.
enforcement mechanism and state complaince
mo9st of the time most states do comply w/ internatinal law.
vertical enforcement
legal process whereby one actor works to constrain the actions of another actor in order to secure compliance with the law. Domestic law is enforced.
International law is an important type of international institution that codifies methods of cooperation and provides a mechanism for settling disputes between states.
It also serves a variety of other functions: setting a body of expectations, providing order, protecting the status quo, and legitimating the use of force by a government to maintain order.
international law serves ethical and moral functions, aiming in most cases to be fair and equitable and delineating what is socially and culturally desirabl
Enforcement of international law
Vertical enforcemtn top down
method
An international institution with authority over a state secures compliance.
vertical enfoecment bottom up
method
National and local courts can enforce international law
Horizontal enforcement
States secure compliance from other states.
self interest
method
norms and ethics
method
States follow international rules because they are seen as legitimate and doing so is the “right thing to do.”
States benefit from the cooperative behavior resulting from the treaties they sign; they want to continue to foster that beneficial behavior.
key terms
universal jurisdiction
states may claim jurisdiction over an individual in another state if that individual’s conduct is sufficiently heinous to violate the laws of all states
treaties
are explicitly written agreements among states that lay out rights and obligations (sometimes labeled conventions, covenants, or protocols)
legitimate
being supported logically and justifiably
vertical enforcement
a legal process whereby one actor works to constrain the actions of another actor over which it has authority in order to secure its compliance with the law
horizontal enforcement
a process whereby states work to elicit compliance with international law by other states
extradition
the process of delivering an individual from the territory of one state to another state for prosecution or to serve a sentence
international law
a body of rules and norms regulating interactions among states, between states and IGOs, and among IGOs, states, and individuals
icj
t settles legal disputes between states in accordance with international law (“contentious cases”) and it gives advisory opinions on legal matters referred to it by UN organs.
First, the court actually hears very few cases; from 1946 to 2020, the ICJ has adjudicated 178 contentious cases (with 14 pending) and has issued only 27 advisory opinions.
developing countries have shown greater trust in the court
For the ICJ to have jurisdiction over a case, all states in the dispute must formally agree to allow the ICJ jurisdiction.
Second, when cases are heard, they rarely deal with the major controversies of the day, such as the war in Vietnam, the invasion of Afghanistan, or the unraveling of the Soviet Union or of Yugoslavia.
Third, only states may initiate proceedings; individuals and nongovernmental actors such as multinational corporations cannot. This stipulation excludes the court from dealing with contemporary disputes involving states and nonstate actors, such as terrorist and paramilitary groups, NGOs, and private corporations.
The ICJ may not be a strong enforcer of international law, but with greater legalization of international issues, there has been an increase in the number of international courts and an increased willingness by developing countries to use international judicial bodies, especially since the Cold War’s end
At the same time, however, it is important to note that without enforcement mechanisms, international courts are limited in their ability to enforce international law against sovereign states
in sum/ video lecture notes
Chemical weapons convention ( cwc) was ratified iun 1993
international cooperation
when states adopt behavior that is consistent with the preferences of other states in order to achieve common objectives