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LEXICAL FEATURES OF TRANSLATION, ➡️, ➡️, ➡️, ➡️, ➡️, ➡️, ➡️ - Coggle…
LEXICAL FEATURES OF TRANSLATION
Translation of neologisms
Neologisms are new words that have not yet been registered in dictionaries (already existing in the language).
Formation of neologisms
Prefixal and suffixal formation of new words;
The prefix “re” stands for repetition of the action (повторность действия)
Rethinking – переосмысление
Formation of neologism by conversion, substantiation and adjectivation.
Examples: To front-page – помещать на первой странице
To snowball – быстро распространяться (расти как снежный ком)
Expanding the meaning;
The word used in different contexts acquires
Translation of international and pseudointernational words
similar in spelling and sound in different languages and have the same meaning
words that look alike have a different meaning
socio-political and scientific concepts,
conference, constitution, press geology, climate, planet
Latin root, are also international: dramatic, detail, scandal, occupant
meanings which do not fully coincide with each other
Translation of Americanisms
The modern period of interaction between American and British variants of English is characterized by their differences in pronunciation, spelling, grammar, vocabulary, idiomatic and even punctuation.
In grammar, Americanisms manifest themselves
Instead of Present Perfect - Past Simple (Indefinite) is used:
They just slept
They have just slept
Use of Past Simple instead of Past Perfect
After he did homework, he slept
After he had done homework, he slept
In the American version, there is a clear tendency not to respect the rule of tense agreement
He said he is feeling bad
He said he was feeling bad
There is a different word order in the American version of the sentence structure, for example, adverbs often come before a verb
He quick did it
He did it quickly
The "economy" of words also manifests itself in the omission of “should”s in the appendices:
She said that I do it myself
She said that I should do it myself
Americanisms in grammar can also include the use of prepositions and articles that differ from the British version; The presence or absence of dots in abbreviations is an example of the difference American and British punctuation.
On the street
In the street
The grammatical differences between American and British English variants include different forms of the past participle:
Got
learned
Gotten
learnt
British
American
Orthography (spelling)
British and American English have some spelling differences. The common ones are presented in the table below.
British English
-oe-/-ae- (e.g. anaemia, diarrhoea, encyclopaedia)
-t (e.g. burnt, dreamt, leapt)
-ell- (e.g. cancelled, jeweller, marvellous)
-ise (e.g. appetiser, familiarise, organise)
American ⬇️
-l-(e.g. enrol, fulfil, skilful)
-el- (e.g. canceled, jeweler, marvelous)
American English
-e- (e.g. anemia, diarrhea, encyclopedia)
British ⬇️
-ed (e.g. burned, dreamed, leaped)
-ize (e.g. appetizer, familiarize, organize)
-Il- (e.g. enroll, fulfill, skillfull)
Lexical composition
The Americans and the British also have some words that differ from each other. The table below lists some of the everyday objects that have different names, depending on what form of English you are using.
British English
flat
lorry
university
holiday
American English
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apartment
truck
college
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vacation
Phraseological terms
British : a home from home
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American: a home away from home
British: to touch wood
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To knock wood
Translation of non-equivalent vocabulary
In language comparisons, words denoting these phenomena are referred to as non-equivalent vocabulary . Non-equivalent words are words used to express concepts that do not exist in the other culture and, as a rule, cannot be translated into another language in one word
Translation of realia is part of the big and important problem of transmitting of the national and historical identity of a language. The word "realia" itself is a Latin adjective of the Neuter gender, plural (realis), is used in Russian as a feminine noun.
Geographical names (toponyms), especially those with cultural and historical associations:
Boston Pops – Бостонский оркестр популярной (легкой) музыки
anthroponyms - names of historical figures, public figures, scientists, writers, artists, popular sportsmen, characters of fiction, etc.
Scrooge – Скрудж – персонаж Ч. Диккенса (перен. скряга, скупец);
Mickey Mouse – Микки Маус – мышонок;
names of works of literature and art; historical facts and events in the life of the country; names of state and public institutions public institutions and more
BBC – British Broadcasting Corporation – Британская радиовещательная компания
Examples of realias in Russian
1) individual words (отдельные слова): Кремль, маевка, декабристы, щи, пятак.
collocations (словосочетания): дом отдыха, Мамаев Курган, Курская битва.
sentences (предложения): не всё коту масленица; что скажет свет; княгиня Марья Алексеевна; ездить в Тулу со своим самоваром
abbreviations (сокращения): вуз, собес
Translation headings
A headline is the phrase with which an email, a social media post, an advertisement, an article, a landing page, an advertisement, etc. begins.
features of headings
should be kept in mind
Complete sentences as headings (without the omission of function words, articles and prepositions) are not very common. In headings, all words may be capitalized.
If the heading is a complete sentence, it is sometimes necessary to read the article or at least the first paragraph in order to understand the meaning.
Headings are often structured as ellipses, i.e. sentences in which certain words are omitted in order to attract attention. In addition to articles, possessive pronouns and other function words, forms of the verb "to be" may be omitted
A common form of English heading is the A nominative sentence (whether it is a single noun or consists of two or more N+N nouns):
English headings can be represented by a word combination with a participle or a gerund
Colons and question marks are used in headlines to attract attention:
The greatest difficulty in translation is obviously the use of word-play phrases and deliberately altered stable expressions in the titles, the change of which istransparent only to those who are familiar with the culture of English-speaking countries:
Translation of context dependent words
Translation of context-dependent words (polysemantic words, contextual meanings of words)
Multisyllabic words are a particular difficulty in translation.
The polysemy is characteristic of the English language in general, and one should always keep in mind that any seemingly familiar word can, depending on the context, have a very different meaning
Translation of contex independent words
Translation of context-independent words (transfer of proper names and place names, firms, newspapers and magazines by means of transcription, transliteration or calquing);
Translation of context-dependent words
polysemantic words, contextual meanings of words)
Lexico-semantic transformations
Narrowing
Narrowing (specification) the original meaning is used when the measure of information ordering of an initial unit is lower than the degree of ordering of the corresponding meaning unit in the translating language
Expansion or generalization
Difficulties in translation can arise from the mismatch of emphatic potential of words that in all other respects are the same.
Semantic development or modulation
With semantic development (or modulation) a word or phrase from the source language is replaced by a unit from the translated language, the meaning of which is logically derived from the meaning of the source unit
Emphatisation, neutralisation
Expansion (generalization) of the original meaning takes place when the measure of information ordering of the original unit is higher than the information ordering of the corresponding unit in the translating language
Functional substitution
The need for this technique arises when none of the correspondences, offered by the dictionary does not fit the given context
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