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LEXICAL FEATURES OF TRANSLATION - Coggle Diagram
LEXICAL FEATURES OF TRANSLATION
Translation of headings
Complete sentences aren't cimmon. All words to be capitalized
If it is the whole sentences, translator should read the whole, or at least first paragraph to understand the meaning
Sometimes they are ellipses, some parts of the sentences can be omitted to attract the reader (like to be, prep)
Common form for headings is N+N form
Words might be combined using the gerund or a participle
Colons and question marks can be also used for attracting
The most difficult part of translation: finding equivalent phrases, words in order to have translation attractive too but keeping the same idea of the source heading
Neologism
In order to understand
read the context
look up the lastest versions of dictionaries
try to undertsand by the structure of a word
Formation
Expanding the meaning
Prefixal and suffixal format of new words
By conversion, substantiation or adjectivation
NOTE: Some words can change its meaning according to a situation
TECHNIQUES OF TRANSLATING
Transcription
Transliteration
Calque
Descriptive translation
AMERICANISM
Past Simple instead of Pr.Perfect
Past Simple instead of Past Perfect
Adverb coming before verb
Skipping some words in sentences
Prepositions
Articles
Different form of past participle
Translation of international and pseudo-international words
FALSE FRIENDS
There are international words which may mean completely another thing in the target language
False friends of the translatorˮ refer to words of mostly Latin and Greek origin with similar but a different meaning in English and Russian
FOR EXAMPLE: Accurate – песочный, а не аккуратный Actual – фактический, а не актуальный Object – цель, предмет, а не объект Prospect – вид, перспектива, а не проспект Subject – вопрос, предмет, а не субъект Technique – метод, методика, а не техника
Translation of non-equivalent vocabulary
REALIA
Non-equivalent words are words used to express concepts that do not exist in the other culture and, as a rule, cannot be translated into another language in one word, have no equivalents outside the language to which they belong.
ONOMATIC REALIAS
Geographical names (toponyms)
anthroponyms - names of historical figures, public figures, scientists, writers, artists, popular sportsmen, characters of fiction, etc
names of works of literature and art; historical facts and events in the life of the country; names of state and public institutions public institutions and more
RUSSIAN REALIA
Individual Words
Collocations
Sentences
Abbrevation
Techniques for translating REALIAS
Transcription
Transliteration
Translation
1.Introduction of a neologism: Calcue/Half Calcue
Approximate translation
Generic substitution