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Kayla Lay P2 Cardiovascular System - Coggle Diagram
Kayla Lay P2 Cardiovascular System
Anatomy of heart
Posterior
Pulmonary vein
Inferior vena cava
Coronary Sinus
Right auricle
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Interventricular sulcus
Adipose tissue
Anterior
Superior vena cava
Left auricle
Brachiocephalic artery
Left vetricle
Aorta
Right ventricle
Pulmonary trunk
Interventricular sulcus
Apex
Base
Adipose tissue
Internal
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Papillary muscle
Chordae tendineae
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Left atrium
Mitral bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
Interventricular septum
Major blood vessels
Arteries
thoracic
Aortic arch
Ascending aorta
Thoracic aorta
Subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
abdominal
Abdominal aorta
Common iliac artery
upper limbs
Brachial artery
Ulnar artery
Axillary artery
Radial artery
lower limbs
Femoral artery
Anterior tibial artery
Fibular artery
neck
Common cartoid artery
Veins
thoracic
Subclavian vein
Brachiocephalic vein
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Axillary vein
abdominal
Common iliac vein
External iliac vein
Internal iliac vein
upper limbs
Superficial veins
Cephalic vein
Basilic vein
Deep veins
Brachial vein
Ulnar veins
Radial veins
neck
External jugular vein
Internal jugular vein
lower limbs
Femoral vein
Great Saphenous vein
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types
Veins
carry blood toward heart; deoxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus
formation begins when capillary beds untie in postcapillary venules and merge into larger and larger veins
Venules: capillaries unite to form postcapillary venules
consist of few epithelium and few pericytes; very porous; allow fluids and WBCs into tissues
larger venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells
blood pressure lower than in arteries, so adaptations ensure return of blood to heart
Venous valves: prevent backflow of blood
Venous sinuses: flattened veins w/ extremely thin walls
tunica media is thin, but tunica externa is thick; larger lumens
Capillaries
direct contact w/ tissue cells; directly serve cellular needs
microscopic vessels; diameters so small only single RBC can pass through at a time
walls just thin tunica intima; in smallest vessels, one cell forms entire circumference
supply almost every cell
functions: exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc., between blood and interstitial fluid
Capillary beds
interwoven network of capillaries between arterioles and venules
Vascular shunt: channel that directly connects arteriole w/ venule
Precapillary sphincter: acts as valve regulating blood flow into capillary bed
Arteries
carry blood away from heart; oxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus
Elastic arteries: thick walled w/ large, low resistance lumen
act as pressure reservoirs that expand and recoil as blood is ejected from heart
Arterioles: smallest of all arteries
control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction of smooth muscle
also called resistance arteries bc changing diameters change resistance to blood flow
lead to capillary beds
Muscular arteries: elastic arteries give rise to muscular arteries
account for most of names arteries
also called distributing arteries bc they deliver blood to body organs
active in vasoconstriction
Similarities of arteries and veins
have three layers, or tunics
Tuncia media
sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers innervate this layer
Vasoconstriction: decreased lumen diameter
Vasodilation: increased lumen diameter
bulkiest layer responsible for maintaining blood flow and blood pressure
middle layer composed mostly of smooth muscle and sheets of elastin
Tunica externa
composed mostly of loose collagen fibers that protect and reinforce wall and anchor it to surround structure
infiltrated w/ nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels
also called tunica adventitia
outermost layer of wall
Tunica intima
Endothelium: simple squamous epithelium that lines lumens of all vessels; slick surface reduces friction
Subendothelial layer: CT basement membrane
innermost layer that is "intimate" contact w/ blood
Similarities of all blood vessels
all consist of lumen, central blood containing space, surrounded by a wall
Blood flow through the heart and body
picks up Oxygen-Rich blood
is carried by the Pulmonary Vein
just came from the Lungs
travels into the Left Atrium
though the Pulmonary trunk/ Pulmonary artery towards the Lungs
through the Bicuspid Valve
though the Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
into the Left Ventricle which forces blood out
into the Right Ventricle, which forces the blood out
through the Aortic Semilunar Valve
through the Tricuspid Valve
through the Aorta
where the blood is sent to all regions of the body to deliver the oxygen and nutrients to the cells
into Right Atrium
Oxygen-poor travels back to right side of heart through Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
picks up Oxygen-Poor
Layers of the heart
Layers
Myocardium: circular or spinal bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells
Endocardium: innermost layer; is continuous w/ endothelial lining of blood vessels; line heart chambers
Epicardium: visceral layer of serous pericardium
Covering
Pericardium: double-walled sac that surrounds heart
deep two-layered serous pericardium
Visceral layer (epicardium) on external surface of heart
two layers separated by fluid filled pericardial cavity
Parietal layer lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
functions
Regulation
maintaining normal pH using buffers; alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions
maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
maintaining body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
Protection
preventing blood loss
plasma proteins and platelets in blood initiate clot formation
preventing infection
agents of immunity are carried in blood (antibodies, complement proteins, white blood cells)
Transport
transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination
transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
delivering O2 and nutrients to body cells
Major components and functions of Blood
Whole blood components
Buffy Coat
Leykocytes
Disorders
overproduction of abnormal WBC
Leukemia
cancerous condition; usually involve clones of single abnormal cell
immature, nonfunctional WBCs flood bloodstream
cancerous cells fill red bone marrow, crowding out other cell lines
Infectious mononucleosis
highly contagious viral disease ("kissing disease")
abnormally low WBC count
Leukopenia
can be drug induced, particularly by anticancer drugs or glucocorticoids
Production and Life span
Leukopoiesis: production of WBCs are stimulated by two types of chemical messengers from red bone marrow and mature WBCs
interleukins
colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
General structure and functional characteristic
make up <1% of total blood volume
function is defense against disease
move through tissue space
can leave capillaries
WBCs are the only formed element that is complete w/ nuclei and organelles
Leukocytosis: increase in production of WBC, a normal response to infection
major categories
Granulocytes
Eosinophil: bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules
Basophil: biolbed nucleus, purplish black cytoplasmic granules
Neutrophil: multibed nucleus, pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules
Aranulocytes
Lymphocyte: large, spherical nucleus, thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm
Monocyte: kidney-shaped nucleus, abundant pale blue cytoplasm
Platelets
Platelet
involved in blood clotting process
function: form temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
fragments of larger megakaryocyte
formation is regulated by thrombopoietin
Hemostasis
fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding
requires clotting factors and substances released by platelets and injured tissues
three steps involved
step 2: platelet plug formation
step 3: coagulation (blood clotting)
step 1: vascular system
Disorders
Thromboembolic disorders: result in undesirable clot formation
Bleeding disorders: abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation
Erythrocytes
Production
erythropoiesis: formation of Red Blood cells
occurs in red bone marrow
Hematopoiesis: formation of all blood cells
Regulation and requirements
hormonal control
Erythropoietin (EPO): hormone that stimulates formation of RBCs
always small amount of EPO in blood to maintain basal rate
released by kidneys (some from liver) in response to hypoxia
Function
RBCs are dedicated to respiratory gas transport
Hemoglobin binds reversibly with oxygen
Fate and destruction
RBCs are anucleate; cannot synthesize new proteins, or grow or divide
old RBCs become fragile, and Hb begins to degenerate
life span: 100-120 days
Disorders
Anemia
not enough RBCs produced
Iron-deficiency anemia
can be caused by hemorrhagic anemia, but also low iron intake or impaired absorption
too many RBCs being destroyed
Thalassemias
one global chain is absent or faulty
RBCs are thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin
Sickle-cell anemia
mutated hemoglobin
RBCs become crescent shaped when O2 lvl low
misshaped RBCs rupture easily and block small vessels
blood loss
Hemorrhagic anemia
rapid blood less
Chronic hemorrhagic anemia
slight, but persistent blood loss
Structure
cells have biconcave disc shape, is anucleate, and essentially no organelles
filled with hemoglobin for gas transport
small diameter (7.5 µm) cells that contribute to gas transport
most dense component
45% of whole blood (hematocrit)
Plasma
55% of whole blood
least dense component
over 100 dissolved solutes
nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, inorganic ions
plasma proteins are most abundant solutes
albumin: make up 60% of plasma proteins
straw-colored sticky fluid
about 90% water
ABO, Rh blood types
B blood group
Plasma antibodies (agglutinins): Anti-A
Blood that can be received: B, O
RBC antigens (agglutinogens): B
A blood group
Plasma antibodies (agglutinins): Anti-B
Blood that can be received: A, O
RBC antigens (agglutinogens): A
AB blood group
RBC antigens (agglutinogens): A, B
Plasma antibodies (agglutinins): none
Blood that can be received: A, B, AB, O "universal recipient"
O blood group
Plasma antibodies (agglutinins): Anti-A, Anti-B
Blood that can be received: O "universal donor"
RBC antigens (agglutinogens): none
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Paricarditis
inflammation of pericardium
cardiac tamponade
excess fluid that leaks into pericardial space
can compress heart's pumping ability
Angina pectoris
thoracic pain caused by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to myocardium
cells are weakened
Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
prolonged coronary blockage
areas of cell death are repaired w/ contractile scar tissue
Arrhythmias
irregular heart rhythms
Fibrillation
rapid, irregular contractions
heart becomes useless for pumping blood, cause circulation to cease; may result brain death
Heart murmors
abnormal heart sounds heard when blood hits obstructions
incompetent valve: fails to close completely, allow backflow of blood
stenotic valve: fails to open completely, restrict blood flow through valve
Tachycardia
abnormally fast heart rate
Bradycardia
heart rate slower than 60 beats/min
Varicose veins
dilated and painful veins due to incompetent valves
heredity and conditions that hinder venous return
Congestive heart failure
CO so low that blood circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs; reflects weakened myocardium
coronary atherosclerosis, persistent high blood pressure, multiple myocardial infarcts, dilated cardiomyopathy
Circulatory shock
blood vessels inadequately fill and cannot circulate blood normally
vascular shock: extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance
cardiogenic shock: inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation
hypovolemic shock: large scale blood loss
Hypotension
low blood pressure below 90/60 mm Hg
Hypertension
sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or higher
prehypertension if valves elevated but not yet in hypertension range
prolonged hypertension- heart failure, vascular disease, renal failure, and stroke
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
Electrical Events of heart
Setting the Basic Rhythm
Sequence of excitation
Atrioventricular (AV) node
in inferior interatrial septum
Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His)
in superior interventricular septum
only electrical connection between atria and ventricle
Sinoatrial (SA) node
generates impulses ~75 x/min (sinus rhythm)
impulse spreads across atria, and to AV node
peacemaker of heart in right atrial wall
Right and left bundle branches
two pathways in interventricular septum
carry impulses toward apex of heart
Subendocardial conducting network
complete pathway through interventricular septum into apex and ventricular walls
Intrinsic cardiac conduction system
network of noncontractile (autorhythmic) cells
initiate and distribute impulses to coordinate depolarization and contraction of heart
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
graphic recording of electrical activity
composite of all AP at given time; not a tracing of a single AP
electrodes are placed at various points on body to measure voltage differences
main features
Q wave: depolarization of SA node and atria
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T wave: ventricular repolarization
P-R interval: beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
S-T segment: entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
Q-T interval: beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
Mechanical Events of heart
Systole: period of heart contraction
Diastole: period of heart relaxation
Cardiac cycle: blood flow through heart during one complete heartbeat
represents series of pressure and blood volume changes
Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
Blood pressure: force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood (mm Hg)
Diastolic pressure: lowest level of aorta pressure when heart is at rest
Measuring systemic arterial BP indirectly by auscultatory methods using a sphygomomanometer
increase pressure in cuff until it exceeds systolic pressure in brachial artery
pressure is released slowly and examiner listens for sounds of korotkoff 2/ stethoscope
wrap cuff around arm superior to elbow
systolic: pressure when sounds first occur as blood starts to spurt through artery
diastolic: pressure when sounds disappear bc artery no longer constricted; blood flowing freely
Systolic pressure: pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction
Pulse: throbbing of arteries due to difference in pulse pressures, which can be felt under skin
taking a pulse
radial pulse (taken at the wrist): most routinely used, but there's other clinically important pulse rate
pressure points: areas where arteries are close to body surface
can be compressed ti stop blood flow in event of hemorrhaging