After the war: the crisis and what it changes.
In the years after WWI ended, a great cultural crisis hit most of the countries that were involved in it, which caused a cynical and disillusioned mood . This was because the old generation accused the new one to have killed and wasted all those lives, accusing the old lie, "Dulce et Decorum Est" of being fake and being used as propaganda. Naturally, this context is subject to major changes inside the Arts, Sciences, Poetry and such.
SPEAKING OF WHICH...
Modernism is a literary and cultural movement. It generated in the first quarter of the 20th century. The term has many meanings. It may be used to describe a work and/or it’s form. It reflects a sense of cultural crisis which was both exciting and disquieting, you had a new vision of ideas, promoting them but also grounding those ideas at the same time. Modernism is marked by experimentation, particularly manipulation of form, and by the realization that knowledge is not absolute.
Literature:
The theme is mainly the gain or loss of a social structure,
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The movement
Modernism as a movement has made it's way in a whole bunch of other and subjects other than Literature, like philosophy thanks to Nietzsche, psychology with Freud, anthropology, painting for example with Matisse who is considered a precursor of cubism and abstractionism, then with Picasso, Science with Einstein, Music and and other major art styles like Sculpture for example