Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
U15 - Coggle Diagram
U15
2. PROCESS ADJUNCTS
2.1. Manner Adjuncts
It refers to the mode of action/way of performing anything. By far the largest group to be realised by Advs. Can usually be paraphrased/ substituted by ”in a ... manner/way” with an adjective. However, when an Adv form exists, it is usually preferred over a corresponding Prep. P. Almost always placed at the end of the sentence, since they usually receive the information focus, though sometimes placed after the verb. Realized by:
-
-
Noun phrases
They were walking single file through the woods. They dance (in) the Spanish way. (However, we can consider the NP as having an omitted Pp)
-
(subordinate) Clauses
Introduced by as, like, as if/though, how: I try to cook vegetables as the Chinese do. (“in the Chinese way”). However, they imply comparison, not manner/mode
-
-
casually, with deference, carefully, slowly, like John, just as John does
- carefully
- with care
- in a careful manner
- as if he was careful
2.2. Means Adjuncts
It refers to procedures, techniques & methods by which the action is produced (by means of). Are commonly expressed by PP (by-phrases), normally placed at the end of the sentence. The PP introduced by "by" is the most common way to express Means. It normally occurs with the gerund from "by working hard", but can also occur with nouns "by bus"
-
Noun phrases
I’d like to sent this parcel air mail (However, we can consider the NP as having an omitted Pp)
-
-
-
by bus, in Mathematics,
through insight
2.3. Instrument Adjuncts
It refers to the object (tool, body part, material or force) used to carry out the verbal action. Usually expressed by Prep. phrases (with-phrase) & respond to the question of “How...?”
-
–ly (Open-class Advs)
She examined it microscopically (with a microscope)
However, it can also be seen as manner (in microscopic detail)
Use
Using, by using, through the use of, with the help/aid of
-
-
with a fork, using a dictionary, by means of interrogation
- Define in some way the process denoted by the verb.
- Can be elicited by how-questions.
- Expressed by means of Adv, Prep, Adj & Nn phrases.
Criteria
a)
If it cannot appear initially in a negative declarative clause (we can only front an adjunct in a positive one)
- Slowly they come back home (positive)
- *Slowly they didn´t come back home (negative)
-
-
c)
If it can be contrasted with another adverbial in alternative negation (showing that the adverbial is the focus of the clause negation)
- We went to Chicago on Monday
- We didn´t go to Chicago on Monday, but we did go there on Tuesday
Subject Adjunts
They characterize the referent of the subject with respect to the process/state denoted by the verb. They relate to the person of the subject as well as to the process/state
-
Formulaic SA
Used to make certain utterances conform to conventions & expectations regarding the level of politeness. Their use is idiomatic & conventionalized
-
General SA
With great pride, he accepted the award (“He was very proud to accept ...”).
Position
Final
Process adjuncts are normally situated at the end of the sentence, because they receive the information focus. This is the only possible position if an Adv is obligatory for the verb: I put my laptop on my desk (although adjuncts never are)
-
-
Medial
Medial possition is possible only if the adjunct is a (solitary) Adv, so we could not use the same variation if the adjunct were “in a slow manner”.
-
-
Initial
Manner adjuncts are placed at initial position when the information focus is in another part of the sentence, which happens less commonly when this function is performed by adverbs
-
-
-
INTRODUCTION
In order to define “manner, means and instrument”, we must link these notions to the grammatical categories that express them. These terms are intended to add information about “how” a situation has happened, by describing in detail “in which manner”, “by which means” & “with which instruments” an event took place.