sports pychology

individual diifrences

Personality - patterns of thoughts and feelings and the way in which er interact with our enviroment and other people that. are us a unique person

Anixeity- a negative emotional state that is closely associated with arousal. It is expierencing apprehension and being aware of high arousal linked to our fears and worries.

State anxiety- anxiety that is felt in particular situation (also known as 'a state') there are twig types of state anxiety somatic- the body's response (e.g tension increase in pulse rate);cognitive -psychological worry over situation

Attitude- a predisposition to act in a particular way towards something or someone in a person enviromement

Motivation- the internal mechanisms and external stimuli which arouse and direct our behaviour

Aggression- intent to harm outside the rules of the sports event.

Social facilitation- the positive influence of others, who may be watching or comepeting, on sports performance

Arousal- the 'energised state' or the 'readiness for action' that motivates us to behave in a particular way

Personaility

TRAIT THEORY OF PERSONAILITY

  • people are born with it
    • Type A- impatient,introlerant high levels of stress
    • Type B- relaxed, tolerant, lower stress
    • Stable/unstable- trait remains constant or varies
    • Extroversion/ introversion- likes excitement/peace and quiet

SOCIAL LEARNING AND PERSONALITY

  • personality shaped by people around us

INTERCATIONLIST APPROACH TO PERSONALITY

  • we are all born with certain personality characteristics but some of these can be modified by interacting with enviroment

Triadic model

    1. beliefs - cognitive element
    1. Emotions. - affective element

Perusuaive communication - high status people can influence attitudes

Cognitive Dissonance- a mismatch in the areas of the model

    1. Behaviour. - behavioural element

Motivation

Intrinsic motivation

  • comes from within a performer and is characterised feelings of pride and satisfaction from completing or succeeding in a task
  • includes the thrill of scoring a goal or the satisfaction of winning a major competition
  • The feeling of well-being derived from such motivation ensures that the performer maintains the desire to continue with the activity

Extrinsic motivation

  • is more temporary. It includes both tangible and intangible rewards from an outside source
  • intangible rewards are non physical, such as the praise and encouragement given by a coach to a beginner who as performed well I.E performed a personal best time or scored a great goal
  • tangeible rewards include medals and trophies that are awarded to players at the end of the season
  • Extrinsic motivation can also include certificates given to young simmers to mark progression or the money on offer to professional players when they sign a new contract

coaches may

  • make training sessions fun and varied
  • coach could also adjust the training enviroment to suit the players- e.g small groups of similar ability players to allow for appropriate competition
  • coaches could inspire players by pointing out role models
  • as players gain expiernce more demanding goals can be set

The coach should consider the personality of the performer before deciding on the best way to offer motivation. Extrovert individuals enjoy the limelight and can be praised openly. Others prefer to be praised quielty, away from others.


coaches should ensure that external rewards do not undermine intrinsic motivation. I.E. too much focus on winning will detract from the pleasure of performing

Drive theory

Hull (1943)

performnace increases in proportion to arousal

Drive reduction- drive reduced if individual loses motivation