Motivation and Emotion
5 Theories of Motivation
Instincts theory 🚩
Overview
Charles Darwin
Motivation
Feelings or ideas that cause us to act toward a goal
Drive Reduction Theory 🚩
Needs
requirements for survival
e.g. food, water, shelter
Drives
our impulses to act in ways that satisfy our needs
e.g. hunger
Homeostasis稳态
a balanced internal state
our body seeks it
when we are out of it, we have a need that creates a drive
Primary drives
biological needs (ex: thirst)
Secondary drives
learned drives
ex: we learn that money can get us food and water to satisfy our primary drives
believe evolution plays a role in human thought and behavior
Incentive Theory 🚩
Limitations
we might seek out more stimulation
Incentives are positive or negative stimuli associated with reward or punishment
we are motivated to seek the rewards
Optimal Arousal theory 🚩
We seek an optimum level of excitement or arousal
e.g.吃饱喝足的猴子去开锁
Yerkes- Dodson Law ‼
在比较简单的任务中，工作效率随动机的提高而上升；而随着任务难度的增加，动机的最佳水平有逐渐下降的趋势
task越难承受压力越小
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 🚩
3 motivation
🍔Hunger Motivation 🚩
Classic study——Ancel Keys semistarvation experiment
Biological Basis of Hunger
Glucose circulates through the blood and provides our bodies a major source of energy.
⬆️Lateral hypothalamus
causes us to eat
⬇️Ventromedial hypothalamus
causes us to stop eating
hunger center
safety center
⬆️Ghrelin—increases hunger, secreted by an empty stomach
⬇️Leptin—decreases hunger, protein hormone secreted by fat cells
Set-Point Theory ‼
a certain level of body fat that the body maintains
减肥时，饥饿感增加，新陈代谢降低，导致体重反弹 🤸♀️
由遗传来决定
1: Physiological needs
to satisfy drives for hunger, thirst, and sex
2. Safety needs
to feel safe, secure, and out of danger
3. Belonging and love needs
to be accepted and belong
4. Esteem needs
to achieve and to gain approval and recognition
- Self-actualization needs
to achieve your unique potential
Situational influence on eating
盘子大，种类多，周围人多-->吃得多
Eating Disorders
Bulimia 暴食症
binging（短时间内吃很多） and purging（吐🤮）
Anorexia nervosa神经性厌食症
Obesity
👬Social Motivation 🚩
Achievement Motivation
Examines our desires to master complex tasks/knowledge and reach goals
Some people have higher than others
Varies from activity to activity
Management Theory
Theory X
managers believe that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishments
Theory Y
managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this inner motive
studies show its more beneficial
Extrinsic motivators
Theories of Emotion😄😫
Facial Expression and Emotions
Culture
facial expressions are universal🌍.
No matter what, we can always detect happiness, sadness, shock, and fear on other people's faces.
Facial Feedback Effect ‼
facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings
例如，微笑可以激活肌肉，直接激发幸福感😄
Theories of emotion
mix of psychological response
Conscious experience (cognitively)——thoughts and interpretation🤔
Bodily arousal (physiologically)——heart rate rising, breathing rasping🫀
Expressive behaviors (behaviorally)——jumping/kicking/crying🏃♀️
James-Lange Theory 🚩
Bodily arousal🫀 -> Emotion
生理反应激发了情绪 比如：我们哭了所以我们难过
Cannon-Bard Theory 🚩
同时触发，没有因果关系
Bodily arousal🫀 + Emotion
Schachter-Singer Theory / Two-Factor Theory 🚩
Bodily arousal🫀 + Cognition (thoughts)🤔 = Emotion
Zajonc-LeDoux / Affective Primacy theory🚩
当我们听到森林里的声音时，我们会不由自主地感到害怕，然后将其视为威胁。
emotion先于interpretation🤔
我在发抖，因为房间里有条蛇。因此，我一定很害怕
Lazarus 🚩
do philanthropic work 做慈善
Physiological needs must be met before an individual can attain self-actualization
Performance is best when arousal is moderate.
Spillover effect ‼
body arousal 的延续
Arousal can spill over from one event to another
当两组人面对同样的刺激时，生理上已经被唤起的人比未被唤起的人体验到更强烈的情绪
high road
low road
complex feelings like hatred and love
simple likes, dislikes, and fears
cognitive appraisal🤔 (is it dangerous or not?) —— sometimes without our awareness—— defines emotion
Stress😨
Overview
Stressors
life events that cause stress
Stress reactions
how we react to these changes in the environment
Responses to Stress
Fight or Flight Response
our stress response that involves the sympathetic nervous system and arouses us.
General Adaptation Syndrome（GAS）
🚨Alarm—Our sympathetic nervous system is activated and our body is ready to face the stressor.
🏃Resistance—We attempt to cope with the stressor. Our body is on high alert and stress hormones are released.
😴Exhaustion—We cannot be in high alert forever, so our body begins to be vulnerable.
Dealing with Stress
Tend and befriend response
communicating with others and supporting others 😍
Lewin’s Motivation Conflict theory
👍👍Approach-approach conflict: when you have to pick between two desirable outcomes.
👎👎Avoidance-avoidance conflict: when you have to pick between two undesirable outcomes .
👍👎Approach-avoidance conflict: when one event or goal has both an attractive and undesirable outcome.
🤷Multiple approach-avoidance conflict: must choose between two or more things that have both attractive and undesirable outcomes.