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Cerebrovascular Disorders - Coggle Diagram
Cerebrovascular Disorders
Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology
Spinal cord
- Motor neurons descend
-Sensory neurons asend
Upper neurons
: within the brain
PNS
-Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
(CNS)
- Spinal cord and Brain
Lower neurons
: spinal cord
Corticobulbar tract
- Run parallel to corticospinal tract
Spinothalamic tract
- Sensory neurons from periphery to brain
Corticospinal tract
- Upper motor neurons that descend into spinal cord
Cerebral injury
- Presentation often on opposite side of body
CNS
Brainstem
Cranial nerves originate
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
Smooth movement
Ataxic gait
Posture and equilibrium
Cerebrum
Upper most region of brain
Right and left hemisphere
Corpus callosum: connection
Categorical hemisphere
Language, sequential-analytic (Left hemisphere)
Representational hemisphere
Face recognition, music, visual-spatial (Right hemisphere)
Speech and language center
Broca’s area
Speak language
Expressive aphasia
Wernicke’s area
- Comprehend language
Aphasia
- Difficult to speak or understand language
Ischemic Stroke
-Thrombus or embolus
-Leads to cerebral infarction
Causes
Cerebral arteriosclerosis (arteries in the brain become hard and thick)
Carotid stenosis (narrowing of the carotid arteries)
Atrial fibrillation (Stasis of blood leads to clot formation)
Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA)
Temporary and resolves
Neurological changes may go unnoticed by patient
Lacunar infarct -> Small infarcts in brain due to occlusion of tiny blood vessels
Hemorrhagic Stroke
-Artery rupture results in bleeding
Causes
Hypertension: most common cause
Aneurysm rupture (in circle of willis)
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Blood flows into brain, compresses and displaces brain tissue
Blood released is toxic to surrounding cells
Cerebral edema may occur, putting pressure on brain tissues
Cushing’s triad: pressure on brainstem
Bradypnea or irregular respirations
Bradycardia
Hypertension
Risk Factors for Stroke
Hypertension (HTN)
Diabetes
Smoking
Obesity
Lack of exercise
Age 55+
Gender (more common in males)
Sickle cell disease
FAST
Arm weakness
Speech difficulty
Facial droop
Time to call 911