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topics review in the second period, image, image, image, image, image,…
topics review in the second period
gerund
after prepositions
as subjects or objects of a sentence
after the verbs
admit, appreciate, avoid, celebrate, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, finish, imagine, involve, keep, mind, miss, practice, regreat, risk, stop, suggest
after the expressions
it is not good, it is not worth it, it is no use, it is a waste of time, can not stand, can not bear, can not help
structure
verb+ ing
example
Summing is my favorite sport
pasive voice
what happens is more important than who does it
we do not know who or what does something
we do not need to say who or what does something because it is obvious from the situation or context
is not possible with state verbs
you can use "get" instead of "be" to form the passive
example
The letter was written by Karen
conditionals
fisrt
Future possible
Unless
never with a negative
example
If Sofia has time, she will go to the cinema
structure
If + subject+ simple present + complement , subject +will/ can/may+ complement
second
Unreal situations in the present
structure
If + subject + simple past+ complement , subject + would/ could/ might + complement
example
If I found a magic lamp, I would ask for a wish
past tenses
past perfect simple
describe something which happened before a single event in the past
example
They had already arrived to the park
we use it with already, just and never
past perfect continous
describe something which happened before a single event in the past
focus on the lenght of time
example
She had been lying in bed for nearly a month after the operation on her spine
infinitives
to say why we do something
to say why something exists
after too or enough
structure
verb+ to
after the verbs
agree, apear, bother, demand, fail, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, refuse, be supposed
example
I have decided to enter a tennis tournament
verb+ somebody/something + to
after the verbs
advise, allow, enable, encourage, invite, permit, remind, teach, tell, warm
example
My coach persuaded me to do it
FCE strategies
Reading and use of English
part 5
read quickly through the text to get a general idea
read each question or incomplete sentence correctly
look carefully for the cues for each question
part 7
read through the questions and underline any key words
there may be information in more than one paragraph which appears to answer a question
but it won’t be completely correct in both
part 6
look for words and phrases that hold the text together
underline any words in sentences A-G which might link the sentence with a particular paragraph
look carefully to see if any of the sentences are adding a similar or contrasting idea.
vocabulary
steering wheel
departure lounge
commuter
a person traveling to work
runway
handlebars
cockpit
backpackers
rush hour
diesel
jet lag
overtaking
used to or would
used to
we use it to refer to things in the past which are no longer true
repeated actions
example
I used to eat in the college cafeteria, but now I bring a packed lunch
a state or a situation
example
That mountain bike used to belong to my best friend
negative statements
we use "did not use to"
example
I didn't use to get very good grades in my exames, but this term I'm really pleased with my results
very formal
we use "used not to"
example
She used not to be as wealthy as she is now
questions
we use "did + usen to"
example
Did you use to be in the same class?
we use it to talk about people's habits in the past
would
we use it to talk about people's habits in the past
when we use would and used to together
"used to" comes first because "would" sets the scene for what follows
we can´t use would to describe a state or situation, which is no longer true
giving advice
might want to + infinitive
example
You might want to book a table
make sure + pronoun
example
Make sure you take an umbrella with you
ought to + infinitive
example
You oght to do more exercise
recomended + verb ing
example
I´d recomended writing a blog of your travel adventures
would + infinitive without to
example
I would speak to someone who has already taken the exam
had better+ infinitive
example
You had better ask your boss for an extension to the deadline
wathever you do
example
wathever you do. don't forget to turn your phone off before you go into the interview
should+ infinitive
example
You should study for your exams
nouns
countable
use "a" or "an" in the singular
can be made plural
use "some" and "any" in the plural
use "few" and "many" in the plural
uncountable
do not use "a" or "an"
cannot be made plural
use verbs in the singular
use "some" and "any" in the singular
use "little" and "much" in the singular
use other words to refer to a quantity
articles
"a" or "an"
singular countable nouns
not with uncountable nouns
not with plural countable nouns
we do not use "an" when the letters "u" and "e" are pronounced with a "y" sound
indefinite articles
the
definite article
with things we have mentioned before
when it is clear who and what we are referring to
when referring to particular things
with things which are unique
with adjetives to express groups
with superlative adjetives
