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2nd Period Topics - Coggle Diagram
2nd Period Topics
Vocabulary
commuters
runway
departure lounge
handlebars
steering wheel
cockpit
motorist
rush hour
backpackers
Passive Voice
Stucture: verb to be + past participle
Used when:
We don't know who or what does/did something: My passport
has been removed
from the safe in my hotel room
We don´t need to say who or what does/did something because it's obvious from the situation or context: Finally, the new international laws
were approved
What happens is more important than who does it: The roof on our holiday
has been replaced
, so we can there in spring
When writing in an official style: A double room
has been reserved
for you for two nights
Note: Sometimes we can use
get
instead of to be to form the passive, especially when something bad happened to someone or something
Our fridge
got
damaged during the move Our fridge
was damaged
during the move
Gerunds and Infinitives
We use the gerund:
After prepositions: He has improved his English
by reading
everyday
As subjects or objects of a sentence:
Correcting
mistakes is part of the learning process
After the verbs admit, appreciate, avoid, celebrate, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, finish, imagine, involve, keep, mind, miss. postpone, practice, regret, risk, stop, suggest
After the expressions it's no good, it's not worth, it's no use, it's a waste of time, can't stand, can't bear, can't help
Structure: verb + ing
We use the infinitive:
To say why we do something: She put a tick
to accept
the terms and conditions
To say why something exists: They've built a metal barrier on that sharp bend
to reduce
accidents
After too and enough: The photograph wasn't clear enough
to appreciate
it
Structure:
verb + somebody/something + to infinitive
Exampĺes: advise, allow, encourage, forbid, invite, order, persuade, recommend, teach, tell
verb + to infinitive
Examples: agree, appear, bother, decide, fail, hope, learn, manage, offer, refuse, supposed
Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund, the meaning can or can't change
Meaning Changes: remember, forget, regret, try, mean, stop
Meaning Doesn't Change: criticise, continued, like
FCE Strategies
Part 6
Look for words and phrases that hold the text together, like pronouns and time words.These can give you important clues when deciding which sentences fit the gaps.
Underline any words in sentences A-G which might link the sentence with a particular paragraph , for example pronouns, tenses or linking words. Look carefully to see if any of the sentences are adding a similar or contrasting idea.
Note: Remember that words in the sentence might refer to something before or after the gap. If you think two sentences fit in a gap, leave it and continue with the other questions. Then go back and fill in the ones you are unsure about.
Part 7
Read the questions and underline the most important words.
Quickly skim read all the passages and write 1 or 2 relevant words next to each.
Read section A in more detail and then read the questions again, write A next to all the questions you think it answers and then repeat the steps with the other sections.
Note: If you’re stuck between 2 answers. Read the relevant passages again if you have time and/or make a decision. It is better to write something rather than nothing!
Part 5
Before answering the questions, read quickly through the text to get a general idea of what it is about
Read each question or incomplete sentence correctly, so that you know what you are looking for in the text. Look carefully for the cues for each question- these will help you to locate information in the text.
Note: The questions follow the text but there may be more than one question in a paragraph.
Used To / Would
Used to
Used when we refer to
things in the past which are no longer true
A state or situation: That mountain bike
used to belong
to my best friend
Repeated actions: I
used to eat
in the college cafeteria, but now I bring my own lunch
Structure
Negative:
did not / didn´t use to + infinitive verb
: I
didn't use to get
very good marks in my exams
Question:
did ... use to + infinitive verb?
:
Did you use to be
part of the basketball team in the school?
Positive:
used to + infinite verb
: They
used to go
to the sports club 2 times a week
Note: We can use
would
instead of used to only to talk about people´s habits in the past, not for describe a state or situation no longer true: When I was twelve I
would
make steam engines that really worked
Get / Become Used To
Going from not being familiar with something to being familiar with it. Same stuctures as be used to,
get / become used to + noun / phrase / verb -ing
Be Used To
Can refer to the past, present or future. It means to
be accustomed
or
be familiar with
Structure
be used to + pronoun: She really hates polution in the city, she
is not used to it
be used to + -ing form of a verb: He
was used to working
in stressful situations as he was a surgeon
be used to + noun or noun phrase: I work in a fast food restaurant, so I'm
used to lots of customers
First and Second Conditional
First Conditional
Used to express a
future
situation which we think is
real, possible or likely to happen
Structure:
If + present simple
and
will + infinitive
:
If
there
isn't
a sand storm again tomorrow, we
will go
hiking in the dessert
Some other words can be used instead of if
only
in first conditional:
unless, as long as, as soon as, provided, assumed
Second Conditional
Used to express things which are
imaginary, contrary to the facts, impossible or not likely to happen
Structure:
If + past simple
and
would + infinitive
:
If
I
won
an international golf tournament, I
would spend
my winnings on buying a luxury car
Past Tenses
Past Perfect Simple
Used to describe something which happened befores a sinlge event in the past:
Structure
Negative:
subject + had not + past participle
:
She hadn't had
her packed lunch
Question:
had + subject + past participle
:
Had they arrived
at the airport?
Positive:
subject + had + past participle
:
I had read
that book before
Past Perfect Continous
Also used to describe something which happened before a single event in the past, but the cotinous tenese focuses on the length of the time
Structure:
Negative:
subject + had not been + present participle
:
She hadn't been
to France before her trip to Paris
Question:
had + subject + been + present participle
:
Had they been working
with you?
Positive:
subject + had been + present participle
:
I had been considering
all the possibilities
Articles and Nouns
Articles
the
with things which are unique
with adjectives to express groups:
the wealthy
people
when referring to particular things
with nationalities:
the French
things we have mentioned before
with superlative adjectives:
the cheapest
service
a
or
an
to talk about jobs: He is
a
surgeon
an
before a word beggining with a
vowel
sound:
an
app
with singular, countable nouns mentioned for the first time:
a
new car
Nouns
Countable
can be made plural:
car - cars
use
some
and
any
in the plural:
some
notebooks,
any
comments
use
a
or
an
in the singular:
a
car
use
few
and
many
in the plural:
few
mayors,
many
opportunities
Uncountable
do
not
use
a
or
an
: behaviour
use verbs in the
singular
: The BBC news
is
independent
cannot
be made plural: pollution
use
some
and
any
in the singular:
Some
student accommodation is available, he wasn't seeking for
any
help
use
litlle
and
much
in the singular:
little
information available
use other words to refer to a quantity:
a piece of
advice
Giving Advice
For giving advice or making recommendations or sugestions we can use the following structures
ought + to- infinitive
: You
ought to do
more exercise
recommend + verb -ing
: I would
recommend writing
a blog of your travel adventures
make sure + pronoun
:
Make sure you
take an umbrella with, it's going to rain
would + infinitive without to
: I
would speak
to someone who has already taken the exam
might want / like + to- infinitive
: You
might want to book
a table in advance as the restaurant gets very busy at weekends
had better + infinitive without to
: You
had better ask
your boss for an extension to the deadline
should + infinitive without to
: You
should ask
your teacher if you have doubts in class
whatever you do
:
Whatever you do
, don't forget to print your tickets before going to the airport
