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Second Period Recapitulation - Coggle Diagram
Second Period Recapitulation
Gerunds & Infinitives
Infinitives
verb + to + verb in base form
Example: I can not stand going to the school in this cold weather
Gerunds
verb + verb with ing
Example: I have decided to enter a tennis tournament
Use to
Used to
used to + verb base form (past repeated action)
I used to watch Lola and Charlie when I was 7
repeated actions in the past that we do not do now
to be accustomed to or familiar with
Be used to
to be accusomed or familiar with
to be used to + verb ing (present repeated actions)
I am used to watching
Get / become used to
go from not being accustomed to or familiar with something to being accustomed to / familiar with it
to get / become used to + verb ing (to get accustomed)
Passive Voice
It is a form of saying something; used to show interest in the person or object that experiences the action instead of performing the action
Contrary to the Active voice in wich the subject is the one who performs the action
Differences between first and second conditional
First Conditional
It is used for realistic (likely to happen) situations in the future
If ... + verb in simple peresent ... + will + verb in base form ...
Example: If she has time, she will go to the cinema
Second Conditional
It is used for hypothetical (imagery) situations that could happen in the future
If ... + verb in simple past ... + would + verb base form ...
Example: If I found a magic lamp, I would ask for a wish
Some FCE strategies:
Reading and use of English 6: search for words in the possible answers that could have a relationship with the previous or next part of the text
Reading and use of English 5: Read normally the text to get a general idea about it, then read carefully each "incomplete sentence"
Reading and use of English 7: Underline key facts that may lead you to the answer, when you have finished check it
Reading and use of English part 1-2: read the text quickly and identify in the missing gaps what kind of word you need
Reading and use of English part 3: missing words might need a change
Reading and use of English 4: check that the resulting sentece means the same as the first one
Types of words in a sentence
Noun: it is a word used for namig things
Adjective: it is a word used for describing a certain characteristic of something/someone
Adverb: word/phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, a verb, another adveb or even the whole phrase
Article: it is a word used for indicating that the word goes net is a noun
Preposition: it is a word used before a noun/pronoun to indicate time, place, to introduce and object, etc
Verb: word that indicates an action
would
"would" is the past tense of the verb "will"
It is mostly used to talk about a imaginary action in the past
it can also be used for a hypothetical situation in the future
Some vocabulary (page 56)
steering wheel: "controler" of the vehicle, the circle shape one that is inside of the car
departure lounge: place in the airport where passengers wait before boarding the plane
commuter: person who travels some distance to work
runway: path which is used by planes to take off
handlebars: place in a bike/motorcicle where you put your hand to drive it
cockpit: compartment where the pilots of an airplane are
motorist: driver of an automobile
backpackers: person who travels with their belongings
rush hour: a specific time in the day when the traffic is at it's heaviest
jet lag: physical effects after a person travels a long time in airplane
diesel: fuel for engines
overtaking: speeding up to pass other car while driving
Giving advice
Usually it is used the modal verb of should; but it is important to know the main modal verbs
This is because should is used for sentences in which you ask/give advice, but if it is a real conversation then you might need to know the other modal verbs
Example: I have a throat ache; should I visit the doctor?
(asking for advice).
R= Yeah, you should, also you have to stay calm and rest; and must not expose to the weather, doing that could make the illness much worse. (giving advice)
Modal Verbs
Obligation
Must
Have/has to
Probability
Will
Should
Possibility
Could
Might
May
Past Tenses
Past Continuous
It is used for telling an action in the past that was interrupted, or a habital action that no longer occurs
It is also used to emphasize the duration of time an action took, or also to set the background of a story
S + WAS/WERE + V -ing + C
They were playing basketball afterschool
Past Perfect
Used to talk about time up to a certain point in the past; for example for telling what happened first
S + HAD + V in Past Participle + C
I had done all my chores before you even arrived to the supermarket
Simple Past
It is the basic form of the past in English
Subject + Verb in simple past + Complement
I did not finish my homework
Used for actions that have been already finished in a time before now
Past Perfect Continuous
Used for talking about an action in the past that lasted until certain moment also in the past
S + had + been + V-ing + C
We have been waiting here for you for 1 hour