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3 SOCIOLOGICAL SCHOOLS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Materials used: autobiographical, personal documents, register of associations, minutes of processes and statistical sources
      - William Thomas → The Polish peasant in Europe & America: how origin culture affects their integration in US communities
        
        Differences among immigrants due to cultural heritage → attitudes and value that immigrants bring with them to US (way of feeling & customs)
        
        highilights on relationship between identity & culture
        
        Preserving roots and memory can be a good way to approach the problem of integration
        
        Different from Melting pot = total cultura assimilation in the new situation
        
        MARGINAL MAN
        
        DEEP DIFFERENCE BETWEEN YOUR CULTURE & ARRIVAL SOCIETY
        
        Robert & Helen Lynd → attention to middle size cities (Middletown). Worked as antropologists in primitive villages.
        
        Robert Park → explores cultural diversity in urban life, focus on conflicts, segregation, beliefs of specific groups Wrote The City
        
        CITY: not only material constructions and infrastructures, it's a state of mind, made of the vital processes of people who compose it → product of human nature
        
        Studying civilized men like an antropologist
        
        Same method of observation used on North American Indians applied to Little Italy in Chicago or Greenwich Village in NY
        
        Concept of neighborhoods: smallest units of social organisation (feelings, traditions, history)
        
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- - - - The Division of Social Work: symbols produced by different form of social structure
        
        Mechanical societies
        
        small similar units integrated thanks to common values, feelings
        
        Organic societies
        
        Specialization of tasks and rules of the market → individuation of single man with specific characteristics based on his job
        
        Passage from traditional to industrial societies do not reduce the symbolic dimension of communities, only changes it
        
        ↑ Division of labor → ↓ collective consciousness
        
        ⇒ more individualization, individual like sacred object for society
        
        Collective representations
        
        → religious beliefs, myths, norms, values
        
        = Social institutions
        
        Collective memory
        
        necessary to collective life, strenghten social bounds
        
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        family ties, social time, person, memory
      - Studies on primitive religions → focus on permanent elements
        
        There must be rituals/elements which have same meaning/function everywhere
      - Symbols: cement of society, are common beliefs & rituals → allow communication and represent society
- - - - Culture gives meaning to human action → order in caos
      - Now: culture = innovation
        
        Culture = tradition outdated (antropology)