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Esterification, Screenshot 2023-02-16 at 2.16.04 pm - Coggle Diagram
Esterification
Fischer Esterification
Carboxylic acids + Alcohol → Ester + Water
adding catalyst
commonly conc. sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
inc rate of reaction
inverse of saponification
REFLUX
reactants heated
long time
no loss of reactants or products
volatile components evaporate
move into vertical condenser
gases cooled
return to reaction mixture
final yield inc
no reaction mixture escapes
no open flame
one reactant is in excess
Esters
charismatic smells
flavours
low boiling points
ubiquitous
natural
plants
flowers
extraction from plants too expesnive
limited raw materials
led to chemical synthesis
functional group isomers
condensation reaction
equilibroum
does not go to completion
Yield and Purity
Purity = separation techniques
equilibrium – not to completion
final mixutre
reactants
products
after reflux
separating funnel used to separate immiscbile substances
na2co3 base added to micture to neutralise acid
funnelled and ester is isolated
ester then purified using distilaation
based on esters:
lowest boiling point
differing polarities substances in final equilibrium mixture
1:1 ratio
70% yield
not acceptable for synthesis reaction
1:3 ratio better
90% yield
drives equilibrium towards products
1:10 ratio
more products
more waste of reagents
wasteful
yield = molar ratio
industrial yields
range of catalysts used
inorganic, organic, lewis acids
specialist equipment to remove water quickly
= high purity/low water content
recycle acids and alcohols
lower waste
invovlevemtn of powerful distilalation capabiltiy
redcues costs and waste
Equilibrium
impacts yield
le chetalier's principle
concentration
pressure
equilibroum shifts
counteract imposed change
restore new equilibrium
temperature
sulphuric acid
removes formed water
displaces equilibrium to right
dehydrating agent
inc rate of reaction
inc reagent
shifts towards products
inc yiled
remove products
shifts towards products
inc yield
Industrial Uses
cosmetics
perfumes
manufacturing of soaps
production of plastics and fabrics
polyesters
medicines
paints
dyes
synthesis food flavourings
isoamyl acetate
Anhydrous acetic acid + isoamyl alcohol → Isoamyl Acetate
banana oil
banana food flavouring
used as solvents
eg ethyl ethanoate
nail polish remover
Availability of Reagents
carboxilic acids
nature
oxidation of primary alcohols
alcohols
easily synthesised
fermentation reactions
hydration of ethene
Issues
environmental
vapours
released into atmosphere
volatility
flammability
social
personal safety
source of labour
consumer awareness
chemicals being added to foods
chemicals escaping equipment
economic
costs
profits
yield
Reaction Conditions
only in presence of
acid catalyst
dehydrates
heat
speed up reaction
equilibrium
inc rate of reaction/collision
ester formation
very slow process
refluxing is used