It involves the testing of language in context and most concerned with meaning and the total communicative effect of discourse

• Based on learners' needs
• Use in concern on how people actually use the language for various purpose
• Primary concern in with how language is used in communication
• The attempt to measure different language skills in communicative tests based on a view (language referred to as the divisibility process)
• Cover 4 language skills & designed on the basis of communicative competence.

It is concerned with a global view of proficiency

It involves functional language but not the use of functional language

The use of cloze testing, dictation, oral interview, transition and essay writing

1. Start from somewhere:
   Test makers must state clearly what they expect test takers to perform
2. Concentration on content :
   Task should be constructed based on the testers' relevant needs
3. Bias for best :
   Test makers should create a test that can exploit test takers' performance at their best
4. Working on washback :
   Test writers should create clear scoring criteria for both teachers and test takers. Course objective & test content are put in considerations to promote positive washback.

• Deciding with a friend which movie to watch
• Ordering food at a restaurant
• Giving suggestions to a friend who has asked for advice
• Giving a PowerPoint presentation in a business meeting
• Asking for information over the phone

It is intended to provide an authentic language environment for learners to develop language skills in a meaningful context

It builds new learning upon students' prior knowledge

It focuses on learning as process whereby learners have ample opportunities to understand and practice the presented concepts

Errors are treated as part of the learners' learning process

Teachers provide a low-anxiety environment that allows learners to take risks

Corrections are made through modelling from learners or peers

• Adaptable to any age and level
• Students will be able to see the relevance of a test like this because they can see themselves carrying out similar tasks in the real world
• Teachers will have a better idea of their students’ overall communicative ability

• Enabling students to demonstrate learning against programme level outcomes more readily than through atomised modular assessment regime
• Enabling the evidencing of knowledge and understanding with breadth and depth of the subject.
• Enhancing communication
• Eradicating barriers between teachers and students
• Encouraging students centered approaches (group work)
• Can view students' proficiency in global view
• The strength of the test such as dictation, writing, and cloze test is that relatively cheap and easy to make

• May be more difficult for teachers to assess; no clear correct or incorrect answers as there are with True/False questions, for example.
• Instead the teacher will need to use their experience and common sense to assess each student on the extent to which they have achieved their communicative aim.
• Difficult to set up as the teacher will need to come up with a relevant test for their students.
• There are time constraints as the teacher will need to witness each student carrying out the task in order to be able to assess each individual.

1. Use of language; in context & functional 2.learners-centered approach

• Demands much supervision from the teacher
• Difficult to plan and implement
• Even if measuring integrated skills are better but sometimes teacher should consider the importance of measuring skills based on particular need, such as writing only, speaking only
• The scoring is not efficient and not reliable

Cloze test involves taking an authentic reading passage and removing words from it. Which words remove depends on the test creator. Normally, it is every 6th or 7th word but it could be more or less or only the removal of key vocabulary. In addition, sometimes potential words are given to the student to select from or sometimes the list of words is not given to the student.

Dictation is simply writing down what was heard. This also requires the use of several language skills simultaneously in a realistic context