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PERSONAL RULE 1629-40 - Coggle Diagram

PERSONAL RULE 1629-40

RELIGIOUS REFORM

Doctrinal Changes

Church teachings regarding salvation made uniform in 1630s

Laud enforces doctrine of free will that Gods grace is open to all.

Physical Changes

Churches decorated and music encourgaged, Organs installed and fonts decorated.

In Hull church bells restored despite objections of minister

Altars moved to the east and and covered with cloth and railed off. Directly challenges to equal belief. Belief of Transubstantiation.

Ceremonial Changes

Preaching limited to Sunday, morning and evening.

Teaching of Caticism in afternoon servies. Symbolised Laudian emphasis on ritual, uniformity and comunal worship.

Weekday lectures banned (Puritan device for ensuring independent thought0

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Gave greater emphasis for clergy.
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Reasons for

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Charles loved order and beauty.
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Laud desired uniformity and accountable clergy

A political attempt to assert royal power into the clergy and where angents of state as much as the church.

Laud encoruaged sermons on the divine nature of royal authority.

Opposition

Bastwick, Burton and Prynne with anti-ecclesiastical Pamphlets.

Puritans regularly met (Puritan Network)

ADMINISTRATIVE ACTIVITIES

Book of Orders

Beginnings→1630 - 31 imposed due to bad harvest, inflation, unemployment, outbreaks of plague leading to civil unrest.

Enforced by→31st Jan saw 314 books of order sent to Sheriffs to distribute to JPs and authorities.

Purpose→Used to centralise authority of local governments although was not entirely continued after end of financial crisis.

Success→Made significant impact to alleviate worst effects of economic crisis, but were not continued.

The Militia

Purpose→Wanted to improve lack of training and money.

Set up→Councils issued orders for regular training and set up local militias. Funded at locally levied rates.

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Outcome→Lost energy in late 1630s
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Opposition→Milita was paid by local rates which could be deemed as un-lawful.John Bishe of Brighton refused to attend a milita muster in the grounds that "there was no law to enforce them"

Prerogative Courts

Purpose→Showed extend for monarchy and power in judicial branch of government.

Result→Star Chamber was efficient and felt like people were being listened to by the Kings Government

Set Up→Consisted of members appointed by the king. Struggle for legitimacy.

Wentworth and Ireland

Need→Before 1630s Ireland had been viewed as unmanageable with ethnic and religious composition.

Achievements by Wentworth

  - the Doubling of Revenue of the Irish Administration,
  - set up new protestant English Plantations. 
  - Convinced Earl of Cork to restore alienated land to the CHurch, 
  - Inrtoduced Angican 39 articles in 1634. 
  - Brought church in line with the Laudian reforms of england.
  - Court of Castle chamber was transformed to a regular and efficient part of the constitution.
  - He achieved many of these successes with Irish Parliament

Opposition

  - Violated rights by moving english and scottish protestants to Irish Land.
  - Created enemies by not aligning groups who viewed him as tyrannical.
  - Caused his reputation as an absolutist.

FINNANCIAL EXPENDIENTS

Reduction of Expenditure↓

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End of Spanish and French Wars
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Navy, Ordinance and Royal household investigated for savings - ended up failing.

Sources of Income

Tonnage and Poundage→no widespread opposition recorded since 1629.

Ship Money→made a traditional levy in 1634 for maritime counties and them the whole country the next year.

Distant of Knighthood→Men owning estates of worth £40 a year had to be knighted were fined if not. Victims included Cromwell, old tudor law.

Monopolies→selling corporations for the sole right to import, produce or sell products.

Others→royal forest laws, wardship fines etc.

Ship Money

John Hampden Trail→Trial against John Hampden gained massive public interests with 12 judges

  - Argument Pro→Argued that ship money writs gave king seven months to pay tax in which he could call parliament. Brought awarness to english government role in parliament
  - Argument Opp→Crown argued King was the sole judge of danger and King had right to command subjects to pay ship money when kingdom was in danger. Also can't magically raise a navy.
  - Outcome→Crown won but 5 judges voted in Hampdens favour. Dozens of petitions were presented to the privy council. the 1639/40 tax revolt prompted. only 25% of people pay ship money this year. Seems like there was considerable passive resistance but people had no power due to lack of parliament.

PRAYER BOOK REBELLION 1673

Causes of Rebellion

Charles Actions↓

  - Charles upset Scottish nobles in 1625 by announcing intention to revoke all gifts of the land by the crown made since 1540.
  - Takes Charles 8 years to visit Scotland - Scots use to independence

New Prayer book

  - Prayer Book enforced without advice of the Scottish Privvy Council, parliament or general assembly of the Kirk. Alienation of the Scots.
  - Scottish Bishops tried to prevent uprising by persuading modification to Charles but this failed.
  - In 1635 a new set of ecclesiastical canons were introduced requiring clergy to swear to enforce the liturgy before it was published.
  - Scottish beliefs were far more liberal in terms of lack of ceremony etc. and were a great contrast to Charles reforms.

Results and Opposition

Scottish Government

An emergency body called 'The Tables" was drawn up by the Scottish to organise opposition.

In Feb 1638 they drew up the National Covenant

Nov the Kirk abolished Bishops. (destruction of the work of James 1 in Scotland instating Bishops)

Public

Riots broke in St Giles - Jenny Geddes threw her stool at the Dean when the new liturgy was read.

Bishop Brechnin had to threaten his congregation with two loaded pistols while he read.

Why in Scotland

Prayer book was so far away from Scotiish beliefs and practices

Poorly handled introduction without any support in Scotland

By 1637 Charles already had a fractured relationship with Scotland. Nationalism could never be an issue in England.

Scottish used to independed - capable of Uprising.

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History of National Tension.
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BISHOPS WARS

First War

Military Systems→deficiencies of such due to transitions from Medieval Private armies to modern public ones. English army was county militias poorly trained and un-equipped uncommitted due to recent reforms.

Exploitation→Militia should be used for defence. Lack of pay. Frequent dessertion.

Unpopularity→Puritan Network such as Lord Saye and Sele and Brooke led to opposition by leaking info to the Scots. Many in the country had no desire to fight against reforms they also hated.

Charles→Miscalculation of Charles against the power of the Scots

Personal Rule→Absence of Parliament meant no finances for the war.

Short Parliament

Reason for→Strafford urged Charles to call parliament and assured they would be won over by bribes

The Letter→A letter intercepted from the Scots to France was hopping to rally MPs into the likelihood of war with france.

In Parliament→Pym and Hampden were determined to hold him accountable for personal rule before any subsidises were granted.

Reasons For

  - If parliament refused to co-operate then teh King had justified right for using perrogative taxation - probably expected parliament to fail.
  - Many people didin't want the sucsess of parliament.
  - Tax Revolt of 1639 - occured due to the kings distracted attentions

Second War

Defeat

  - While the kings army was in York the Scots captured Newcastle - Londons coal supplies, 
  - With indecision due to lack of leadership dessertion was rife

Treaty→The king signed Treaty of Ripon to ensure the scots did not advance to York and until a political and religious settlement was agreed upon Charles would pay the Scots £850 a day.

Long Parliament→Nov 1640 King issued orders to Sherifs for parliamentary elections.

Charles Political Position

Sctoland→wouldn't be a problem is opposition in England didn't exists

Reasons for opposition

  - Charles problems of money and soldiers was down to this
  - Help of the opposition from England - Puritain Network

Was Scotland needed to call parliament?→Evidence may have occurred without the catalyst of Scotland. Opposition was increasing shown through Ship Money

Personal Rule→Personal Rule is always limited in the time due to Nature of King ship.