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IMPLICATIONS OF LIVING IN TECTONICALLY ACTIVE AREAS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Extremely dangerous, the water has a pH of 0.5, poisonous hydrogen sulphide clouds. Lack of protective gear
- - - - People born/raised there, so its expensive and impractical to leave. The whole of Japan is tectonically active; molten material accumulated and formed the islands
    - - March 2011, magnitude 9 earthquake started along a subduction zone when the clay lining of the fault allowed the pacific plate to slide 50m under the Eurasian plate. 15miles deep, 45 miles east of Tohoku. Shaking lasted 6 minutes
        
        The earthquake then triggered a tsunami which grew to 39m, overtopped sea walls and travelled 6 miles in land, flooding a 561km2 area.
        
        The flooding caused the cooling system at the Fukushima nuclear power plant to fail, creating. Level 7 nuclear meltdown (same as chernobyl, only a 10km difference in exclusion zone)
        
        Only 58% of people headed to higher ground
        1 minute warning helped stop high speed trains and factory work
        mobile text alerts
    - - Social- 19,759 confirmed deaths with 90% due to drowning, 2500 still missing, 6000 injuries, 2000 orphaned
        
        Economic- 120,000 buildings destroyed, $199 billion damage, 15 ports affected, 4.4 million homes without electricity, transport routes affected, 25 million tonnes of debris, flooded farmland.
        
        Environmental- shifted the earth on its axis, shortened the length of a day by a millisecond, 250 miles of Japan’s coastline dropped by 0.6m, 5000 aftershocks in the year after, pacific plate slid west 24m, Honshu island moved 2.4m east, a low frequency infrasound was detected in space
  - - - Social- 316,000 deaths, 1.5 million displaced, 2020 30,000 still in camps, cholera epidemic, undernutrition, pressure on resources, 300,000 injured
        
        Economic- 4000 schools damaged, 60% of government buildings damaged, 105,000 homes destroyed, 20% of annual budget is now foreign aid, and 25% is remittances, corruption, 19milllion m3 of debris, only 1/ had access to clean running water, 86% of population in port-au-prince in slums
    - - Extremely low income more than 70% in extreme poverty (less than $1.90 a day), culture family and religion, u skilled labour force- no other oppurtunities for work, political instability
    - - January 2010 magnitude 7 earthquake started along a 40km section of the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault with the epicentre 25km south west of Port-au-prince, stress on the carribeanplate overcame friction on the fault. 13km deep, 14 seconds of shaking
- - - - September 2014. Japan’s worst eruption in 90 years, occurred without warning. Eurasian plate and North American plate. Boiling ground water caused rock to crack vertically 1100m deep. Phreatic- no magma, driven by superheated steam and ash. Lasted 1 hour
        
        32km/h pyroclastic flow, ash fall, volcanic bombs, lahars, ballistic ejecta, material travelled at 111m/s
        
        Furthest crater was 950m away, eruption plume rose 11km aober sea level
        
        No magma made it difficult to predict, there were no prior movements in the earth or changes to the mountain’s surface. There was only data from the eruption since 1979 and 2007
    - - Hiking, climbing, religious pilgrimage, tourism
    - - 250 people were on the mountain and trapped by pyroclastic flow, 63 died, 40 injured, 40-50cm thick ash cover, rock fall, reduced visibility
        
        Tourism and farming profits jepordised, good damaged, expensive ash removal, food safety concerns
        
        Chemicals destroyed habitats, animal deaths, pyroclastic flows acted like fertilisers as the ash contains copper and iron
        
        1000 rescue workers conducted search and rescue ordered by Shinzo Abe, volcanic conditions made recovery difficult. Locals were warned of debris
  - - - . October 2010 Indo- Australian plate subducted beneath Eurasian plate, eruption lasted 35 minutes
        
        9 minute pyroclastic flows 11km west, 4km north, 7km east and 15km south, rainy season triggered lahars
        
        Lava bombs were thrown 4km from the summit, ash fall, acid rain, ash rose 6000m and covered towns 150 miles away
        
        People in the 15km danger zone had not been evacuated even though small earthquakes and ash eruptions had been recorded the month before, danger level was 3 only 5 days before the eruption
    - - 410,000 displaced, 367 dead, 277 injured
        
        Closure of Yogyakarta airport for 2 weeks, 130million m3 of material over crops, bridges, buildings and pipes
        
        Livestock killed, gas emissions
        
        The population were educated on the importance of masks, a museum displaying the previous impacts was made, Susilo Banbuy Yudhoyono announced the government would buy all the cattle form farmers, rescue workers were deployed, authorities widened the danger zone to 20km.
    - - Poverty and land fertility