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Connections of Big Ideas (Chapters 1-12), Chapter 3 - The Molecules of…
Connections of Big Ideas (Chapters 1-12)
Chapter 3 - The Molecules of Cells
Introduction to Organic Compounds
Organic Compounds usually contain Hydrogen and Carbon atoms
Functional Groups
Hydroxyl - H atom bonded to O atom
Carbonyl - C atom double bond to O atom
Carboxyl - C atom double bond to O atom also bonded to hydroxyl group
Amino - N atom bonded to 2 H atoms
Phosphate - P atom bonded to 4 O atoms
Methyl - C atom bonded to 3 H atoms
Macromolecules - Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids; can be very large (made of many atoms)
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide (monomer)
Polysaccharide
(polymer)
Starch, Sugar, Cellulose, Glucose/Glycogen, Chitin - All Ex. of Carbohydrates
Lipids
Mostly energy-storage molecules
Hydrophobic
Steroids are also lipids
Proteins
various functions and structures
Made of amino acids
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA the blueprint and instructions for genotype and phenotype
Chapter 4 - A Tour of the Cell
Introduction to the Cell
Electron Microscope
Scanning Electron Microscope
Transmission Electron Microscope
Prokaryotic are Simpler Cells than Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells contain different functioning compartments
Plant Cells have a Cell Wall
Animal Cells only have a Plasma Membrane
The Nucleus and Ribosomes
Nucleus contains genetic instructions, "command center"
Ribosomes make Proteins to be used inside and outside of the cell
The Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic Reticulum = biosynthetic workshop
Golgi Apparatus alters cell products and sorts them to their appropriate "job site"
Lysosomes are for digestion
Vacuoles do general maintenance of the cell
Energy-Converting Organelles
Chloroplasts - conduct photosynthesis, only in plant cells
Mitochondria - conduct cellular respiration and the process of making ATP, in all eukaryotic cells
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Surfaces
Microtubules
Intermediate Filaments
Microfilaments
Tight Junction
Extracellular Matrix - Only Animal Cells
Gap Junction
Anchoring Junction
Chapter 6 - How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvesting of Energy
Cellular Respiration Powers Life by producing ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Stages of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis - Takes place in the cytoplasm, 1 glucose becomes 2 pyruvate
Pyruvate Oxidation - pyruvate oxidizes to a 2-carbon compound
Citric Acid Cycle - Glucose breakdown is completed and is transformed into CO2
Oxidative Phosphorylation - Electron transport chain assists in the production of ATP during chemiosmosis
Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvesting of Energy
ATP produced without oxygen
Connections Between Metabolic Pathways
Cellular respiration can take place with different biological molecules as the fuel
Chapter 7 - Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food
An Introduction to Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the building block of the biosphere
Occurs in Chloroplasts
The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy
Photosystems capture solar (light) energy and transform it into ATP and NADPH
Happen inside the thylakoids
The Calvin Cycle: Reducing CO2 to Sugar
Creates glucose (sugar) from CO2
"Dark Reactions"; do not require light
The Global Significance of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis provides food and O2 for almost all living organisms, without it there would be no life
Climate change can be combatted with reducing the amount of deforestation and fossil fuel consumption
Carbon Dioxide affects plants; they grow faster, but their biomass is not as high quality
Chapter 8 - The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance
Cell Division and Reproduction
Asexual reproduction - produces genetically identical offspring
Prokaryotes do binary fission, "dividing in half"
Sexual Reproduction - produces genetically variant offspring, not identical to the parents
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Mitosis
chromosomes duplicate with each cell division
Growth and Division Phases
G1 phase (First Gap)
S Phase (DNA Synthesis)
G2 Phase (Second Gap)
M Phase (Mitotic Phase)
Cell Division is can be sped up or slowed by environmental factors
Cancerous Cells are not affected by environmental factors and grow out of control, they do not have any "stop" signals
Mitosis is cellular division before sexual reproduction or during asexual reproduction
Meiosis and Crossing Over
Chromosomes are matched to make homologous pairs, homologous chromosomes carry different variations of genes
Cell Division
after
sexual reproduction
Chromosome number reduces from diploid to haploid
Alterations of Chromosome Number and Structure
during meiosis, a pair of sister chromatids may experience nondisjunction, leading to a genetic abnormality
extra copy of chromosome 21 produces down syndrome
Karyotype displays chromosomes
alterations of structure can cause birth defects or cancer
Chapter 9 - Patterns of Inheritance
Mendel's Laws
Law of Segregation - sperm or egg carry only one allele per inherited character because allele pairs separate during the production of gametes
Law of Independent Assortment - the inheritance of one character has no affect on the inheritance of another character
Variations of Mendel's Laws
many genes may have more than two alleles that can be codominant
Pleiotropy - one gene may affect many phenotypic outcomes
Polygenetic Inheritance - one character may be influenced by many genes
Environment can affect many characters
The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
genes of the same chromosome often are inherited together
Crossing Over produces new combinations of alleles
Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes
Chromosomes determine sex in many species
Because of X-Linked genes, males tend to inherit genetic disorders than females
Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene
The Structure of the Genetic Material
DNA is genetic Material
DNA is a double helix
DNA and RNA are polynucleotides
DNA Replication
DNA Replication depends on specific base pairing
proceeds in two directions simultaneously; 5' to 3' and 3' to 5'
The Flow of Genetics: Information from DNA to RNA to Protein
Phenotype is dependent on the expression of proteins through genes, dependent on transcription and translation
Written in codons, translated into amino acid sequences; genetic code determines how the codons are translated
Promoter (binding site of RNA polymerase) says "start here", Terminator says "stop here"
tRNA carries the anticodon that will instruct rRNA to produce the correct nitrogenous base
Ribosomes catalyze the synthesize polypeptides and organize the function of mRNA and tRNA
Mutations can affect the product of genes and can alter the phenotype
The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria
Viruses (viral DNA) integrate themselves to become a part of the host chromsome
Some viruses, like AIDS, use an RNA template to make DNA
Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and Genomics
Gene Cloning and Editing
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
DNA Profiling
Genomic Bioinformatics
Chapter 1 - Biology: Exploring Life
Biology: The Scientific Study of Life
What is Life?
Order: characterized by highly ordered structures
Reproduction: All living organisms reproduce their own kind
Growth and Development: DNA encodes inherited information, controls patterns of growth and development
Response to the Environment: All living organisms respond to environmental (external) stimuli
Energy Processing: Organisms take in energy and use it to do work
Regulation: All living organisms have regulatory mechanisms that maintain homeostasis in the body (regulating body temperature)
Evolutionary Adaption: All living organisms adapt to their environment over the course of generations to increase their likelihood of surviving to reproduce
Three Domains of Life
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya
The Process of Science
Repetitive, Nonlinear, and Collaborative
Scientific Method
Observation
Question
Hypothesis/Hypotheses
Prediction(s)
Testing
Conclusion
Dependent Variable - measure used to judge the experimental outcome
Control Group
1 more item...
Independent Variable - variable that is manipulated by the researcher
Experimental Group
1 more item...
Five Unifying Themes in Biology
1 - Evolution is the Core Theme of Biology
2 - Life Depends on the Flow of Information
3 - Structure and Function are Related
4 - Life Depends on the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter
5 - Life Depends on the Interactions Within and Between Systems
Chapter 2 - The Chemical Basis of LIfe
Elements, Atoms and Compounds
Element - substance that cannot be broken down into smaller components by ordinary chemical means
Compound - substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
Atom - Smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bond - complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another, one much more electronegative than the other
Covalent Bond - Shared electrons between two or more atoms;
Polar Covalent - Differ in electronegativity
Non-Polar Covalent - same electronegativity or bonds cancel out
Hydrogen Bonds - weak bonds between hydrogen and a highly electronegative atom (ex. H2O, Oxygen is electronegative)
Water's Life-Supporting Properties
Hydrogen Bonds Make Liquid Water Cohesive
Water's Hydrogen Bonds Moderate Temperature
Ice Floats Because it is Less Dense than Liquid Water
Water is the Solvent of Life
Chapter 5 - The Working Cell
Membrane Structure and Function
Semipermeable Membrane allows for diffusion (passive transport) to occur across the concentration gradient
Select Permeability allows for tonicity of the cell to be maintained
Active transport requires energy but allows for regulated amounts of materials to be taken in or pushed out of the cell
Energy and the Cell
Cells transform energy as they do work via cellular respiration, transforming chemical energy into energy that can be used by the body
How Enzymes Function
Enzymes allow for chemical reactions to occur faster because they lower the amount of activation energy needed
Enzymes can be regulated via enzyme inhibition through either competitive or non-competitive inibitors
Chapter 11 - How Genes Are Controlled
Control of Gene Expression
Cloning of Plants and Animals
The Genetic Basis of Cancer