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Antarctica - Coggle Diagram
Antarctica
EXPLOITATION
Whaling
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Blue and humpbacks fully protected by 1960s (International Whaling Commission in 1946 - end whaling in 1985
IWC established an area of 50 million square km to ban whaling. Only Japan opposed the agreement - reviewed every 10 years.
Tourism
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first arrived in 1958, since then has increased
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Sealing
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Within 3 years, 300,000 seals had been killed
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Climate Change
Last 50 years, temp has increased nearly 3 degrees
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Ocean Acidification
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Polar marine ecosystems are projected to become so low in carbonate ions within this century that waters may become corrosive to unprotected shells - disrupt food web.
Minerals
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In late 1970s/80s some members were secretly trying to formulate a new mineral convention to exploit resources.
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PROTECTION
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Antarctic Treaty 1959
12 nations signed up - guaranteed free access and research rights so all countries could work together for common cause of scientific research and exchange of ideas
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Madrid Protocol 1998
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extra protection to the environment, especially against mineral exploitation
Antarctica is a 'natural reserve, devoted to peace and science'.
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next review is in 2048, can only change is 75% members agree
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