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ARTHRITIC & MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN DISORDER - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Volatile Mustard Oil (Allyl Isothiocyanate)
        
        From dried ripe seed of various black mustard, Brassica nigra L. or of B. juncea Czern. And Cross.
        
        The seed is ground and macerated in water for enzyme myrosin to convert glycoside sinigrin to allylthiocyanate
        
        This volatile compound is then purified by distillation and incorporated into various counterirritants preparations intended for external application
        
        FDA considered it to be safe and effective if applied in 0.5-5% concentration and may be used 3-4 times daily
        
        Alternatively, a poultice may be prepared from equal parts of the powdered seeds and flour by moistening with sufficient water. As a result, paste is formed. The mixture can be spread on a cloth and applied to affected area
        
        Only use the poultice for a short period of time. If left too long, continued release of the volatile mustard oil may cause blister to the skin
        
        Administering it to mice's drinking water resulted in desensitizing certain pain receptors and helped treat widespread pain
        
        Contains omega-3 fatty acids which may lower oxidative stress and inflammation
      - Methyl Salicylates
        
        Obtained by distilling the leaves of winter-green, Gaultheria procumbens L. or the bark of the sweet birch, Betula lenta L.
        
        Available in the form of liniments, gel, lotion or ointments with 10-60 % concentration
        
        FDA considered it as safe and effective when used according to the label
        
        May cause side effects such as redness, warmth, stinging, or burning on the application site
      - Turpentine oil
        
        Volatile oil distilled from the oleoresin obtained from the long-leaf pine, Pinus palustris Mill.
        
        This oil use in counterirritant preparation is in 6-50 % concentration
    - - Menthol
        
        Alcohol obtained from various mint oil or produced synthetically
        
        Applied topically 3-4 times a day in 0.1-1 % to relieve itching and in 1.25-16 % as a counterirritants
      - Camphor
        
        Ketone obtained from Cinnamomum camphora L. or produced synthetically
        
        Applied topically 3-4 times a day in 0.1-3 % as analgesic, local anesthetic and to relieve itching
        
        Available as creams, ointments, and lotions
        
        A study in 2015 found that a spray containing camphor, menthol, and essential oils of clove and eucalyptus was effective in relieving mild to moderate pain
        
        In animal study, camphor has shown to have anti-inflammatory effects, thus, useful in treating arthritis
    - - Contains capsaicin
      - Reduces "substance P", thus, lowering number of pain signals sent to the brain
      - Derived from chili peppers
      - Joint pain decreased by nearly 50 % after using 0.05 % capsaicin cream for three weeks, according to a German study in 2010