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General Biology 160 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - structure & function
      - energy & matter
      - interactions
      - flow of information
      - evolution
  - - - effect of carbonate ion concentration on calcification rate in coral reef
        
        process of science (independent vs dependent)
      - search for water on other planets to solve questions about evolution
    - - chemical reactions : flow of energy : cycling of matter
      - hydrogen bonds : protein shape : DNA : information
    - - radioactive isotopes help scientific discoveries and medical diagnosis
        metabolic pathways
  - - - chemical groups : hydrophilic : water : life
        except methyl group
      - carbon : structure/function : tetrahedral shapes
    - - monosaccharide : glucose
        main fuel for cellular work
        
        energy and matter
      - polysaccharide : glycogen
        cells hydrolyze glycogen
        for glucose as energy
        
        hydolysis, polymer split by water
    - - hydrophobic
        phospholipid bilayer : interactions w/ H2O
        
        cell plasma membrane
        compartments
    - - enzymes catalyze chemical reactions : lower activation energy
      - wide range of structure = wide range of functions
        
        interactions with R groups
    - - DNA is molecule of inheritance
      - nucleotides
- - - - Microscopes
        help science discover
        
        electron microscopy and fluorescent dyes
    - - ribosomes facilitate flow of information
        interact with mRNA
        build protein
    - - smooth ER = lipids manufacture
      - rough ER makes membranes
      - interactions theme
      - inherited lysosomal disease = mutation
    - - mitochondria : cellular respiration : energy & matter
      - mitochondria & chloroplast
        endosymbiont theory
        evolution
  - - - formation of membranes led to life
        evolution
      - endocytosis & exocytosis
        possible through endomembrane system
    - - endergonic reaction
      - exergonic reaction
    - - active sites : enzyme inhibition
        rely on structure = function
      - coenzyme
        
        NAD+
  - - - redox reactions = transfer of electrons
      - electron transport chain
    - - pyruvate oxidation & citric acid cycle
        in the mitochondria
      - chemiosmosis
        potential energy built by concentration gradient = ATP
        
        selective permeability
    - - glycolysis happens universally, suggesting presence in early evolution
    - - metabolism balance = interactions
      - breakdown of organic molecules for energy = break chemical bonds = energy
- - - - structure of plant veins in leaves lends to better function
        adhesion of water through
        hydrogen bonds
      - scientists used isotopes to learn photosynthesis process
    - - provides food and O2 for almost all living
  - - - flow of information necessary for cell division
      - asexual reproduction = clone
      - uncontrolled cell division leads to tumor/cancerous cells
    - - cytokinesis
        structure change = function change
    - - produces genetic diveristy
    - - extra chromosome 21 causes down syndrome
        can cause infertility
      - one X chromosome inactivated usually - gene expression
        abnormal sex chromosomes not as bad
  - - - experiments with genetics
        example of biotechonology
      - homologous chromosomes
        transmission of genetic traits
        =
        biology concept information
      - recessive disorders like tay-sach's
        
        genetic testing
        karyotyping
    - - incomplete dominance = intermediate phenotypes
        genetic diversity
      - polygenic inheritance shows theme of interactions
        one trait results from interactions of alleles
    - - recessive X-linked traits/disorders
      - Y-chromosome shows evolution of ancient lineages
- - - - experiments using radioactive sulfur (isotopes) to determine DNA = genetic material
      - DNA/RNA are nucleic acids
        polymers of nucleotides
      - hydrogen bonds important in structure
    - - dependent on base pairing
      - enzymes regulate
    - - genes control phenotype by protein expression
        
        metabolic pathways
      - mutations
    - - recovery = mitosis happens fast enough to replace damaged cells
      - receptor-mediated endocytosis
      - "sudden" viruses
        mutation
      - retrovirus = RNA virus = RNA to DNA via reverse transcriptase
  - - - can now be studied better with genome sequencing and genomics
      - cell signaling = flow of information
        evolution connection = yeast chemical signaling
    - - mutations in genes that control gene expression
      - radiation is a risk factor
        ex. rosalind franklin
  - - - bacterial plasmids as vectors for DNA cloning
      - enzymes cut and paste DNA
      - reverse transcriptase useful in gene cloning
        make single strand DNA
    - - yeast cells can be used to manufacture vaccine on larger scale
    - - studying genomics gives us a huge database of genetic information
      - bioinformatics allows analysis of interactions at a genetic level