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Coordination & Response in Humans, circular muscles, radial muscles,…

- - - - enables humans to move away from danger, increasing chances of survival
  - - - spinal cord
      - brain
        
        gray matter
        
        contains cell bodies of relay and motor neurone
        
        white matter
    - - neurones
        
        relay
        
        in brain and spinal cord
        
        sensory
        
        in sensory organs
        
        motor
        
        in effectors, e.g. muscle tissues
        
        synapse
        
        a gap between two neurones
      - nerves
      - effectors
  - - - voluntary
        
        done under conscious control
        
        may/may not involve a sensory neurone
      - involuntary
        
        not done under conscious control
        
        may/may not involve a sensory neurone
    - - shortest neural pathway from the receptor to effector
        
        above shoulders
        
        receptor --> brain --> effector
        
        below shoulders
        
        receptor --> spinal cord --> effector
        
        response is stimulated immediately; reflex action
        
        sensation is stimulated in receptors in sensory organ and nerve impulses are transmitted to brain
- - - - ductless gland that secretes substances directly into the bloodstream
    - - secretes substances into cavities in ducts to be carried out of the body
    - - a tissue or organ that secretes substances
  - - - secreted by adrenal glands
        
        process
        
        stimuli: emotion
        
        receptor / control centre: hypothalamus
        
        effector: adrenal gland
      - 'fight or flight' situation
        
        to increase energy released in limbs
        
        liver
        
        stimulates liver to convert more glycogen to glucose
        
        increase blood glucose level
        
        more glucose available for respiration in cells
        
        muscles in limb
        
        increases metabolic rate to release more energy from tissue respiration
        
        heart
        
        increases heart rate and blood pressure
        
        increases rate of transport of oxygen and glucose to muscles
        
        intercostal muscles in ribs
        
        increases contraction
        
        increases volume and depth of ventilation
        
        increases rate of uptake of oxygen and removal of CO2 by lungs
        
        gut
        
        constrict arterioles
        
        decreases digestive abilities
        
        increases supply of blood to muscles
        
        skin
        
        constrict arterioles
        
        channels more blood to muscles
        
        to improve vision
        
        dilate pupils
        
        to minimise loss of blood
        
        increase rate of blood clotting by platelets
        
        to appear fearless to intimidate opponent
        
        contracts hair erector muscles
        
        produces goosebumps and causes hair to stand on end