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The Role of Appraisal in Emotion - Coggle Diagram
The Role of Appraisal in Emotion
Emotion domain dominated by Tomkis (1962) and his disciples Ekman (1972) and Izard (1977) - basic emotion theories
"Appraisal" first used in a technical sense by Arnold (1960) and Lazarus (1966)
Theorists in the appraisal theories tradition propose that most, but not all theories are elicited and differentiatded by people's evaluation of the significance of events for their wellbeing.
(1) Appraisal theories consider appraisal as a typical cause of emotion (or of emotional components) and because of this
(2) appraisal is the core determinant of the content of feelings
Emotions set is differentiated by a set of necessary and sufficient conditions from other sets such as moods, attitudes, reflexes, and personality traits
Emotions are short-lived, have a beginning and and end - differentiates from moods and personality traits
Emotions consist of multiple components or changes in components
Appraisal theorists claim that emotions occur when stimuli are appraised as goal relevant, goal congruent/incongruent, positive/negative, and novel and or/urgent
Fourth criterion: Scherer (2001, 2009) proposes that emotions are characterized by a high degree of integration and synchronization between components.
Fifth criterion: (emphasized by philosophers) emotions have intentionality (i.e. they are about something)
Concept of Appraisal
Marr's (1982) proposal: any process can be described at three levels of analysis
Functional level, Algorithmic level, and Implementational level
intensional meaning (intensional means a definition which goes beyond a definition which ties a concept to a set of objects it is applicable to):
Appraisal defined at the functional level
The appraisal process takes an input of stimuli and produces an output of values for one or more appraisal factors
Implications of functional definition:
(1) appraisal not confined to operate under a specific set of conditions (can be automatic or non-automatic)
(2) appraisal not confined to one single mechanism by which the mapping of inputs to outputs occurs