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POWER: :checkered_flag: Capacity to have control over something or…
POWER:
:checkered_flag:
Capacity to have control over something or someone
SYSTEM AND BALANCE
BIPOLAR WORLD:
Power is distributed and two states have the major cultural, militar and economic influence internationally.
EXAMPLES:
The United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War era (1947-1990).
They rule themselves by distinct spheres of influence.
(Capitalists support USA and were under its control; communists were ruled by USSR)
ADVANTAGES:
This system hasn't too many advantages because power is always going to be changing and fights will be made for it
DISADVANTAGES:
It's not stable and there will always be a brink of war
Neutral position is always compromised
Wars occur beacuse of ideological basis (Democracy and Communism)
Oil wars and wars to gain strategic advantage
Unhealthy desires in each sphere
SYSTEM AND BALANCE
UNIPOLAR WORLD
Power is distributed and only one state has the major cultural, militar and economic influence internationally
EXAMPLES:
After the Cold War, United States became the sole power center of unmatched capabilities.
Only one distinct sphere is in control and the other spheres are negleted or overshadow by its power.
The United States’ defense spending is close to half of global military expenditures; a blue-water navy superior to all others combined; a defense research and development budget that is 80 percent of the total defense expenditures of its most obvious future competitor, China; an unmatched global power-projection capabilities.
ADVANTAGES:
Favors the absence of war among great powers.
It makes lower levels of competition for prestige and security.
DISADVANTAGES:
Bullies and imperialists are created
Weaker counties suffer are more affected
SYSTEM AND BALANCE
MULTIPOLAR WORLD
Power is distributes and more than two states have cultural, militar and economic influence
EXAMPLE:
Growth of China and India, weakening Russia and reduced American hegemony are all signs of the path to a new multipolar world.
Multipolarity is not yet achieved. The world at present is in a transition phase where power is shifting from west to east. (The balance of power is shifting from west to east)]
More than two spheres of influence, they are not very rigid
USA led NATO etc.
Russia led Warsaw Pact
China led Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and AIIB]
ADVANTAGES:
Power balance is changing and it discourages fixed alliances
DISADVANTAGES:
International desitions will be made for strategic reasons to mantein balance of power
Struggle for power, influence, strategic advantage and resources
POWER THEORIES
REALISM:
State or self-interests are the most important element
Political actions are the key for power, fear and desire are keys for domination.
A war must be started if victory is assured
Pursue of interests, make civilians support the same ideas and pursue the same interests as polititians.
There can never be complete peace if conflict and competition exists.
There is no ethical consideration in desitions; it doesn't matter the actions if good results and survival are obtained.
Power and influences are assured
Territories are split to have more control and power over them
LIBERALISM:
International Alliances are keys to decrease anarchy
Reciprocity between states were everuone wins
Good alliances lead to less conflict since states are not risking their economic power in the world
Ensures individuals the rights of life, liberty and property (John Lock)
SOCIAL CONTRACT:
Do things in order to protect them, if the state is okay, individuals are okay
Institutions are balanced and protected factors, this way we restrain violent power states (NGOs and IGOs)
Unions share benefits like studies, goods, products and more
CONSTRUCTIVISM:
Individuals are the main focus and their ideas and beliefs influence international relations
A state is defined by non- material factors like values and culture
Norm is when individuals adopt and internalise an expected behaviour
Identity wakes people's interest
Identity+Nation= Nation Interest
Reality is a social construct that leads constructivism to place a role on norm development and identity.
Rather than inevitable consequences of human nature
The social world is our making, important factors shift our ideas and thoughts. Societie's thoughts are influenced by important people or important figures