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Herbs for Endocrine and Metabolic Disorder - Coggle Diagram
Herbs for Endocrine and Metabolic Disorder
Type of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorder
Gynecological Disorder
Hyperthyroidsm
Diabetes Mellitus
Black Cohosh
Help to treat
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As a selective estrogen receptor modulator as isoflavone formononetin converted in vivo by the gastrointestinal microbial flora to compounds that bind to the estrogen receptor [14].
Through serotonergic pathways as it binds to serotonin receptors 5-HT7 and 5-HT1A which involved in thermoregulation [14].
Description of the plants
Black cohosh or Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt., is a member of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) native to deciduous forests of eastern North America [14].
It is an erect, smooth-stemmed perennial growing from four to eight feet in height. The large, alternate, tri-ternately compound leaves are borne on short, clasping petioles with long, wand-like, white flowers [14].
Active phytochemical
Isoflavone formononetin
Clinical efficacy and safety
In the clinical study, they concluded that black cohosh extract may be of some benefit for the management of menopausal symptoms, and further indicates that 40 mg of a black cohosh extract/day is sufficient for symptom reduction [9].
Some patients reported to be asthenia, hepatotoxicity and estrogenic effects [9].
Controlled clinical trials suggesting that an isopropanol extract of black cohosh (REM) is effective for the management of menopausal symptoms [9].
Drug-herb interaction
Concomitant with drug metabolized by CYP2D6 such as amitriptyline (Elavil), clozapine (Clozaril), codeine might increase effects and side effects of your medication [14].
Concomitant with medication that might also harm the liver can increase the risk of liver damage such as amiodarone, carbamazepine, isoniazid and methotrexate [14].
Legislation
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warn women that herbal supplement black cohosh may increase the risks of breast cancer metastasis and liver failure [14].
It is under supplement and did not need approval from FDA [14].
Chasteberry
Help to treat
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It has dopaminergic properties which opamine and dopamine agonists inhibit the secretion of the peptide hormone prolactin by the pituitary gland. The symptoms of PMS have been related to elevated blood levels of prolactin [19].
Description of the plant
Chaste tree or Vitex agnus-castus L. comes from the Mediterranean and western Asia. It can now be found in southeastern parts of North America [17].
Chaste tree is a shrub that bears violet flowers and berries. It is also called vitex agnus-castus. The medicinal parts are the dried fruit and leaves [17].
Active phytochemical
Haloperidol [17].
Clinical efficacy and safety
Side effects potentially caused by chasteberry were mild andreversible. The most frequently cited adverse events include: nausea, mild gastrointestinal complaints, fatigue, menstrual disorders, drymouth, acne, pruritus and erythematous rash [17].
Study was conducted on ahomeopathic preparation of chaste tree for women with fertility disorders.The researchers observed a non-significant increase in fertility and a significant increase of progesterone during the luteal phase [4].
For premenstrual syndrome, seven of eight trials found Vitex extracts to be superior to placebo [4].
Drug-herb interaction
Taking along with birth control pills might decrease the effectiveness of birth control pills [17].
Some medications such as antipsychotic drugs for mental disorders help to decrease dopamine, conncomitant used might decrease the effectiveness [17].
Legislation
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Evening Primrose Oil
Help to treat
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By acting as precursor of prostaglandin as to prevent effect of prolactin on breast tissue, causing mastodynia [15].
Active phytochemical
cis-gamma-linoleic acid and cis-linoleic acid [15].
Description of the plant
Evening primrose (Oenothera L.) is a plant belonging to the family Onagraceae, in which the most numerous species is Oenothera biennis and found at eastern and central North America, from Newfoundland west to Alberta, southeast to Florida, and southwest to Texas [15].
It has light green to olive green leaves and lemon yellow flowers [15].
Clinical efficacy and study
Evening primrose oil were no better than placebo in relieving severe mastalgia because all women reported a decrease in both the severity of the breast pain and the percentage of pain days which is decrease
of 13% [15].
Some individuals may experience mild stomach upset or headache. It is considered safe during pregnancy, but there is limited information. It would likely be considered safe during lactation [15].
Drug-Herb interaction
Concomitant with anticoagulants and anti-platelet drugs, herbs and supplements might increase the risk of bleeding [15].
Legislation
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Black Currant Oil
Help to treat
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Due to the phytoestrogen activity Induced estrogen receptor (ERβ) transcriptional activity [10].
Description of the plant
The blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum), also known as black currant or cassis, is a woody shrub in the family Grossulariaceae grown for its berries. It is native to temperate parts of central and northern Europe and northern Asia [10].
Medium-sized shrub, growing to 1.5 by 1.5 metres (5 by 5 ft). The leaves are alternate, simple, 3 to 5 cm (1 1⁄4 to 2 in) broad and long with five palmate lobes and a serrated margin. All parts of the plant are strongly aromatic. The flowers are produced in racemes [10].
Active phytochemical
Anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, and delphinidin-3-rutinoside) [10].
Drug-herb interaction
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Taking along with medications used for lowering high blood pressure might cause your blood pressure to go too low [10].
Clinical efficacy and study
Supplementation of mothers with black currant seed oil during pregnancy and exclusive breastfeeding decreases the rate of atopic dermatitis in breastfed infants [11].
Legislation
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Borage Seed Oil
Help to treat
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Description of the plant
Borage or (Borago officinalis), also known as a starflower, is an annual herb in the flowering plant family Boraginaceae. It is native to the Mediterranean region and has naturalized in many other locales. It grows satisfactorily in gardens in most of Europe such as Denmark, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom [16].
It grows to a height of 60–100 cm (2.0–3.3 ft), and is bristly or hairy all over the stems and leaves and the leaves are alternate, simple with blue flower [16].
Active phytochemical
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Clinical efficacy and safety
Borage seed oil was toxic only at the highest assayed concentration (12,5%). This concentration equals to 7.5 g/day in humans subjects of 60 kg body weight [3].
It was safe and effective in the treatment of the physical and emotional symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in the patient who presented a clinical diagnosis of PMS population evaluated [3].
Oral borage oil supplements can still pose the risk of minor side effects. These include bloating, burping, headache, nausea, vomiting [3].
Drug-herb interaction
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Legislation
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Raspberry Leaf
Help to treat
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By helping tone and tighten muscles in the pelvic region, thereby assisting with the cramps caused by spasms of these muscles [20].
Description of the plant
Raspberry, bramble fruit of the genus Rubus (family Rosaceae). Raspberries are an economically significant crop throughout much of northern Europe, as well as in the United States and Canada, and are thought to have evolved in eastern Asia [13]
Raspberries are perennial plants with canes that live two years each. The canes are either armed with prickles or smooth, and many only produce fruit in their second year [13].
It has white to gray leaves [13].
Clinical efficacy and safety
Consumption of raspberry leaf tablets from 32 weeks of pregnancy until labor resulted in a shorter second stage of labor and in a decrease of the rate forceps delivery when compared to the control group [6]
Consumption of raspberry leaf tablets had no adverse effects on mothers and newborns [6].
This herbs may have laxative properties and could cause loosening of stool in certain people [6].
Active of phytochemical
Fragarine [20].
Legislation
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Bugleweed
Active phytochemical
Hydrocinnamic acid derived such as lithospermic acid , rosimarinic acid, chlorogenic acid and caffeic [18].
Help to treat
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Act as antithyrotropic via
inhibiting the secretion or actions of thyrotropin
Thyrotropin is a glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the growth and function of the thyroid gland
Description of the plant
Bugleweed (Ajuga reptans), also called common bugleweed, is a fast-growing ground cover, an herbaceous perennial that usually creeps within just a few inches of the ground usually found in Europe, northern Africa, southwestern Asia [2].
It has dark green leaves and tiny, blue-violet flowers [2].
Clinical efficacy and safety
One case study found that 5–13 g of a freeze-dried bugleweed extract taken daily for 1 month decreased Luteinizing hormone secretion in 1 woman [18].
Long-term use of bugleweed and abrupt withdrawal may result in high levels of thyroid hormones (which could cause symptoms such as insomnia, heart palpitations, an increase in heart rate and more [18].
Drug-herb interaction
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Concomitant with thyroid hormone might decrease how well thyroid hormone pills work [18].
Legislation
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Glucomannan
Help to treat
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By possibly increasing gastric emptying time and decreasing transit of food through small intestine, it is presumed to delay the absorption of carbohydrate, thus improving glycemic control among diabetics.
Description of the plant
Amorphophallus konjac is a perennial plant with a bipinnate single leaf growing from a corm and widely cultivated in Japan and China as food source [1].
It is an evergreen Perennial growing to 1.3 m (4ft 3in) by 1.3 m (4ft 3in) at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone (UK) 8 and is frost tender. The flowers are pollinated by Flies [1].
Active phytochemical
Konjac glucomannan [1].
Clinical efficacy and study
Glucomannan supplements administered over 8 weeks (3.99 g daily) were well tolerated but did not promote weight loss or significantly alter body composition, hunger/fullness, or lipid and glucose parameters [7].
Adverse events included abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and constipation [7].
Legislation
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Drug-herb interaction
Concomitant with antidiabetes drugs might decrease blood sugar [7].
Linoleic acid
Help to treat
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By its ability to normalize impaired
glucose tolerance and improve hyperinsulinemia.
Drug-herb interaction
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Clinical efficacy and study
The most successful clinical studies were conducted with high-quality linoleic acid preparations that consist almost entirely (ie, >90%) of the 2 biologically active isomers [12].
It should also be noted that such high-quality linoleic acid, when consumed at 3–6 g/d, does not appear to induce adverse effects in human [12].
It might cause side effects such as stomach upset, diarrhea, nausea, fatigue, headache, backache, and increased risk of bleeding. In rare cases, conjugated linoleic acid has caused liver toxicity [12].
Legislation
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It is mostly from meat and milk of ruminants, such as cows, goats and sheep.
Ginseng
Help to treat
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By pancreatic enhancing β-cell function and the other through reducing insulin resistance [8].
Description of the plant
Ginseng, (genus Panax) are native to Manchuria and Korea, has long been used as a drug and is made into a stimulating tea in China, Korea, and Japan [5].
Ginseng plants are perennial herbs with sturdy taproots. The plants generally die back in the fall and reemerge from the root system in the spring. The leaves are palmately compound with 3–5 leaflets, the margins of which may be entire, toothed, or lobed, depending on the species [5].
Active phtochemical
Malonyl ginsenosides [8].
Clinical efficacy and study
HbA1c levels and fasting blood glucose in the ginsam-treated group significantly reduced by 0.56% and 21.40 mg/dL compared to the placebo group [8].
There was no significant difference between the ginseng treatment and the placebo in the safety parameters, such as kidney function (urates and creatinine), liver function (AST and ALT), and hemostatic function (PT and INR) [8].
The most common side effect is trouble sleeping (insomnia) [8].
Legislation
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Drug-herb interaction
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