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5G network Architecture and key technologies - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Mobility 500km/h
      - Delay 1ms
      - Spectral efficiency 3x
      - Connection Density (equipment/km2) > 1 million devices/km2
      - User experience rate 100 Mbit/s
      - Network Power consumption efficiency 100x
      - Peek rate 10 gbit/s
      - Regional traffic capability 100Mbps/m2
    - - New Architecture
        
        multiple network slices of a physical network to adapt to different industries
      - New Air Interface
        
        new techs are introduced to provide higher throughout higher frequency and efficiency , lower latency and stronger coverage
- - - - SA
        
        5G network is independant of 4G
        
        we have the 5G new Radio NR and we also ave the 4G core Network
        
        supports all kind of services
        uRLLC mMTC eMBB and network slicing
        
        high requirments for continuous coverage of 5G
        
        SA Networking
        
        Core Network EPC
        
        4G base station called eNodeB
        
        Radio Network NGC
        
        base station called gNodeB while for Lte Net is called eNodeB
        
        Connections
        
        MG-C(control plane)/U(user plane)
        
        internal interfacce XN (between the gNodeBs)
        
        NGC Vs EPC
        EPC function > Coresponsding NGC function
        
        SGW/UGW
        
        User Plane Data Forwarding
        
        PCRF
        
        QoS policy and charging rules
        
        PCF
        
        PDN-GW
        
        User Plane Data Forwarding
        
        UPF
        
        Session management
        
        SMF
        
        1 more item...
        
        HSS
        
        User Profile Database
        
        UDM
        
        MME
        
        User Authentification
        
        AUSF
        
        Session Management
        
        Mobility Management
        
        AMF
        
        1 more item...
        
        Conditions
        
        5G Core NGC Deplye d
        
        5G Core NGC Signaling Sent Directly to a gNodeB
        
        Typical SA Networking option
        
        option 4 series
        in all the Core Net is an NGC
        wireless Net is NR and the signaling plane is anchored on theNR side
        
        option 4
        
        user plane is traffic is distributed on the NR base station sides
        traffic is distributed dynamically but it does not place significant pressure on the existing LTe sides
        
        mo need for performing large scale upgrades and reconstruction of existing sites
        
        option 4a
        user plane is traffic is distributed on the NGC base station sides but the distribution ration is static / traffic is distributed between LTe and the NR sides in a fixed ratio regardless of signal quality
        results in a user exp thats not as good
        
        option 2
        
        Core Net is an NGC and only NR is avalable in the wireless isde
        which is the ultimate goal of 5G in the future
      - NSA > means not independant (together, coexist with 4G)
        
        only eMBB service can provided from the 3 5G main services
        
        the 5G is overlaid on the 4G net without providing continuous coverage
        
        multiStream Aggregation Lte<>5G
        
        core net is EPC which is the 4G network
        5G os only radio introduced NR
        
        meaning NSA is not complete 5G its only partial 5G
        radio interface can have more throughPut but we still use the 4G Core net
        only the radio part is 5G
        
        Typecal NSA Networking
        
        option 7 series
        core network has being replaced from option 3 with NGCore
        and enhancing the LTe > eLte
        option 7 series options are all types of NSA Networking (transitional schemes that can be used for evolution from the option 3 to an SA networking )
        
        option 3 series (most typical)
        in each one of the option the Core Net is an EPC
        Wireless Net is LTE and NR
        and the signaling plane is anchored on the LTE side
        
        Option 3a
        user plane is trafic distribution is handheld statically on the EPPC side / traffic is distributed between the LTE and the NR side is a fixed proportion regardless of signal quality
        
        results user experience thats not as good
        
        Option 3x
        user plane traffic is distributed by the NR base stations
        dynamic like option 3 but this option but it does not put the same transport pressure like option 3 does on the existong LTe sites and no need to preform large scale upgrade and reconstrucion of existng sites
        first choice for 5G pilot Net
        
        Option 3
        user plane trafic distribution is handheld on the LTE base station side
        distribution is dynamic / traffic is dynamically allocated to LTE or NR stations based on signal quality however it puts a lot of transport pressure on the existing LTE on the live network
        large scale upgrade and reonstruction are required
      - optin Evolution
        
        LTe (EPC) > option3x (EPC) > option7x (NGC) > optiion4 (NGC) > option 2 (NGC/NR)
    - - SOC Service Oriented Core Network Architecture
        
        Supp All Services
        Voice Communications , Vid Camera , AutoPilot , Smart city...
        
        Flexible Architecture , Programmable Capacity , Smart pipe (slice)
        Slicing we combine diffrent features of the network to divide our physical network into logical sub-networks , suscribers , customers
        
        SBA
        
        Native Cloud > core net is a cloud net
        
        CUPS > control Plane and User Plane seperation
        control plane and user plane can be separatly deployed
        imporves user exp and network efficiency
        database server is connected to the aggregation layer in the middle of Access Layer and Core Network sooo its less path and much nearer to the user > unlike traditional 4G
        
        Slicing > Bicuz we have diffrent types of services that require diffrent capabilities
        each slice for diffrent function and service .. Voice Slicing, IoV internet of Vehicule Slicing, 4k video...
        . physical 5G Net Divided into discrete End2End Logical Nets Carrying diffrent services High Quality Services and Lower Capex
        
        RAN Slicing
        divide up Time-frequency ressources
        
        Hard Slicing
        Frequenxy Ressources are allocated into 3 main 5G scenarios
        eMBB
        mMTC
        uRLLC
        each cat of serviece have only access to the specified spectrum that has been assigned >> causes waste of ressources unlike soft slicing
        
        Soft Slicing
        ressources do not have to be sliced in a oneFitsAll Kind of way
        Allocated dynamically ion a Dedicated Ressources and Shared Ressources based on more flexible requirmentts and needs
        
        Transport Network Slicing
        the most valuable ressource on the transport Net is the bandwidth
        Transmission Net uses Techs such as FlexEth and ODUK to divide bandwidth ressources
        
        divide up bandwidth ressources
        
        Core Network Slicing
        Core Nets Devices are based on an NFV architecture
        all NE functions are stored in yhe server as software
        Functional Modularization > Every NE only does one thing > able to create customized functions
        
        Divide up NE functions
        
        MEC Mobile Egge Computing
        
        Content Regionalization
        
        Edge Computing
        
        Application localization
        
        Supp all Cess Modes
        2/3/4/5G , Wifi , NB-IOT...
    - - upgrade 5G layer 3 backhaul to > network edge- flexible connection > so that transmitted data dosent have to all the way back to aggregation layer in order to get forward it from 5G to 4G
        
        enhance the efficiency of transmission and facilitate the user plane UPF
      - Flex-Eth technique Realizes Network Slicing
        TDM based > hard slicing
        each Slice as a subNet have its own Management , Control and data plane
    - - Wireless Cloud RAN Radio Access Net Evolution
        
        C-RAN
        centralised RAN
        
        means the multi BBUs are installed in a center equipment room > more optical fiber connections
        
        Cloud RAN
        BBU are separated into CU center unit and DU distributed unit
        
        real time processing > DU
        not real time processing > CU deployed at the Center DC (x100 of the DU)or aggregation layer(x10 of the DU) > manage more ressources more DU
        CU is a simplified DU
        
        D-RAN
        Distributed RAN
        
        BBU baseband unit and radio unit are both at the base station sight... most commercial nets uses it
      - Wireless Nets are moving into an age of fulle cloudification
        Wireless Nets need to process high frequency analog signals which change rapidly overtime
        
        thats why wireless base station (gNodeB) are divided into 2 parts
        CU and DU communicate with each other through the F1 interface and are the foundation o the Huawei CloudRAN Solution
        
        CU Centralised baseband unit
        Processes Digital baseband signals which are sensitive to the delay
        Control Planes and User Plane are separated
        
        DU Distributed radio unit
        RF signals are which are sensitive to delay are processed in DU
  - - - Massive MMO multi inputs multi outputs
        
        antennas combines as massive as many 64 in single array
        for 64T64R Transmission and Reception
        and used for btter signals and faster rate
        
        Improved Coverage and capacity
        
        Multi User Ressource Reuse
        
        3D beamfoeming > beams are narrower which makes it possible to create 16 different streams > gNodeB can allocate same timeFrequency ressources to 16 diffrent users at same time
        
        3D coverage both horizontal and vertical
      - channel coding (eMBB scenarios) better than Turbo used in 4G high coding efficiency
        
        Polar for control channel
        good performance for small data block
        
        LDPC LowerDensityParityChannel for Traffic channel
        low complexity good for higher speed serice (parallel processing)
      - High level Modulation
        
        5G is compatible with the LTE modulation mode / the 256QAM (the means by which a carrier signal, such as an LTE waveform, transmits data and information) is introduced in the downlink which is higher then the LTE modultaion technology >> improving the spectral efficiency
        
        the max modultaion tech of the current protocol version is 256QAM
      - F-OFDM > Filtered OFDM used for 5G (OFDM used for 4G)
        Improves Spectral efficiency / better filtering to reduce the guard bandwidth requirment and improve the frequency utilization
      - Uplink and DownLink Decoupling - SUL
        improve C-Band short uplink coverage (Compared with downlink coverage > the C-band has a coverage gap of 13.7 dB) / Reduce 5G deployments costs / Use original 4G ressources effictivness
      - Flexible frame structure > Flexiblke Air Interfeace - Numerology
        flexible frame format which is in SCS (SubCarrier Spacing, bandwidth) in NR and its flexible configuration on parameters such as sympol length and CP length
      - Large Bandwidth
        signal quality >> increasing users data rate require increasing carrier bandwidth or SNR SignalToNoiseRatio
        the larger the bandwidth the more user data can cross
        there must be enough spectrum ressources to guarantee ultra-high data rate (enough frequency coverage > which are mostly used by 2G 3G 5G which leave only high f to 5G)
      - Uplink and downlink decoupling > for 2 types regions access > have diffrent frequencies ranges
        uplink coverage is always worse than that in the downlink > the transmit power of a gNodeB is much greater that that of a mobile phone
        
        which result the range od a PUSCH is far less than that of a downlink channel like the PDSCH
        
        as Solution huawei proposed the downlink and uplink decoupling
        
        with NR > gNodeBs use high frequency bands to comunicate with each other in the downlink
        for uplink transmission from the UEs > a base station can make use of the lower frequency LTe ressource
        for UE near the center high frequency band can still be used in the uplink / but at the cell edge > lower frequency band can be used which improves uplink coverage >>> and this what we mean by uplink and downlink coverage
      - Low Latency
        
        Grant free scheduling
        no grant access requst > uRLLC data sent directly with one go
        
        D2D communications
        
        when one device communicate directly with another device talking about tech where spectrum is allocated by a base station > direct connection between 2 terminals to transmit user plane data
        
        More Range
        
        Low delay
        devices do not need to be related by a gNodeB
        
        high spectral efficiency >
        D2D terminal reuses the spectrum ressources of the cell
        soo the spectrum efficiency of the cell is improved
      - 5G spectrum ressources defined in the frozen 3GPP Rel-15 can be divided into 2 frequency ranges FRs
        Plenty from the mmWaves band to go around but not soo much from C-band
        
        FR1 (450 Mhz - 6000Mhz) called the Sub-6 Ghz band or low frequency band >> main band used by 5G
        
        below 3Ghz called sub-3 Ghz band
        best coverage currently used by 2G 3G 4G but later will also be used by 5G
        desadvantage > Limited available spectrum ressources / the majority ressources occupied by the live network
        
        C-Band Spectrum
        remaining other than sub-3 band from sub-6 band called C-Band Spectrum
        desadvantage > Weak UL UpLink coverage ; apparent balance between UL and DL
        
        FR2
        FR2 is the mmWaves spectrum > high frequency band
        24250 Mhz - 52600 Mhz
        usd for 5G bandwidth expansion / the coverage and range may be poor but the capacity is excellent.. another disadvantage is high demand on RF equipment
        
        Rules Reminder
        
        The Higher the frequency the shorter the range tje pooerer the coverage
        tthe lower frequency the better the coverage
        
        sooo mmWaves will only be used for railway stations and airports
        
        and C-band deployment will focus on urbanar > large urban areasy
        
        and sub-3 lowest F range of the 3 provides the best coverage > suburban ad rural areas