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D2: Digestion - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The signs and symptoms of dehydration range from minor to severe and can include:
      - Increased thirst
      - Dry mouth
      - Swelling of brain
      - Weakness
      - Dizziness
      - Palpitations
      - Seizures
      - Drop in blood pressure
- - - - The main adaptations are:
      - Increased surface area due to presence of villi and microvilli.
      - Many mitochondria to provide energy for active transport.
      - Presence of capillaries in villi for absorption of digested foods.
      - Presence of lacteal for absorption of absorbed lipids.
      - Presence of pinocytotic vesicles aid the uptake of fluids.
      - Presence of tight junctions to ensure molecules do not escape through the membrane, and to maintain a concentration gradient.
      - Enzymes (peptidases and disaccharidases) bound to epithelial membranes to complete hydrolysis/digestion.
    - - The cross section of the wall of the small intestine consists of five layers (Figure 3):
      - Mucosa: contains the epithelium formed by enterocytes, goblet cells and endocrine cells. Enterocytes are cells that have microvilli; they digest and absorb substances. Goblet cells produce mucus and endocrine cells secrete hormones.
      - Submucosa: contains blood vessels and connective tissue.
      - Circular muscle layer: smooth muscle arranged in a circular manner.
      - Longitudinal muscle layer: smooth muscle arranged in a longitudinal manner.
      - Serosa: single layer of epithelial cells with connective tissue.