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ARTHRITIC & MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN DISORDER - Coggle Diagram

- - - - active phytochemicals
        
        salicin
        
        salicortin
        
        fragilin
        
        tremulacin
        
        produce
        
        antipyretic effect
        
        anti-inflammatory
        
        anti-analgesics
      - herb-drug interactions
        
        :arrow_up: risk of stomach bleeding
        
        Diuretics Drugs (Antihypertensive)
        
        :arrow_down: drugs effectiveness
        
        NSAIDs drugs (Aspirin)
      - mode of action
        
        inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis
        
        inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX)
- - - - 1) Rubefacients
        
        :herb:Turpentine oil
        
        mode of action
        
        reduce congestion
        
        relieve pain in tissue underneath
        
        binding of inflammatory cytokines: interleukin-1 (IL-1)
        
        spirits of turpentine
        
        distilled from the oleoresin
        
        obtained from the long-leaf pine
        
        :herb:Methyl Salicyalate
        
        topical form
        
        liniments
        
        gel
        
        lotion
        
        ointments
        
        mechanism of action
        
        act as counter rubecifients
        
        stimulate superficial afferent nerves
        
        causes vasodilation
        
        reduce the pain in deeper muscles
        
        applied topically as a counterirritant
        
        obtained by
        
        distilling the leaves of winter-green
        
        distilling the bark of the sweet birch
        
        10%-60%
        
        :herb:Volatile Mustard oil
        
        active phytochemicals
        
        glycoside sinigrin
        
        converted to
        
        allylthiocyanate
        
        adverse reaction
        
        induce lacrimation
        
        hyperalgesia
        
        inflammation
        
        neuroexcitation
        
        Immunoglubulin E(IgE)-mediated food allergy to mustard
        
        obtained from the dried ripe seed of black mustard
      - 2) Refrigerants
        
        :herb:Menthol
        
        0.1-1.0%
        
        act as antipruritic
        
        1.25%-16%
        
        acts as counterirritants
        
        obtained from
        
        -various mint oil
        
        -produced synthetically
        
        :herb:Camphor
        
        provide
        
        ketone obtained from
        
        Cinnamomum camphora L.
        
        or produced synthetically
        
        0.1-3.0%
        
        topical analgesic
        
        local anesthetic
        
        antipruritic effects
      - agents that induce a cooling sensation
      - agents that induce redness & irritation
      - Counterirritants
      - Capsicum-derived capsaicin cream
        
        as pain reliver
        
        counterirritants activity
        
        absents of rubefacients
- - - - active phytochemicals
        
        luteolin
        
        apigenin
        
        n-hentriacontane
        
        n-triacontanol
        
        beta-sitosterol
      - mechanism of action
        
        inihibit microtubule polymerization
        
        forming tubulin colchicine
        
        :arrow_left:colchicine inhibit mitosis
        
        inhibit neutrophils migration to infalmmation sites
      - herb-drug interactions
        
        azole antifungals
        
        diltiazem
        
        HIV
        
        macrolide antibiotics
        
        verapamil
        
        :arrow_up:side effects
      - side effects
        
        diarrhea
        
        nausea
        
        abdominal pain
        
        vomiting, cramp