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Types of Memory - Coggle Diagram
Types of Memory
Duration - Bahrick et al. (1975)
392 participants aged between 17 – 74
Photo recognition and free recall
Ppts within 15 years of graduation 90% accurate for photo recognition
After 48 years, recall declined to 70%
Free recall 60% after 15 years and 30% after 48 years
AO3
High ecological validity
Confounding variables - no control over contact with high school friends
Duration - Peterson and Peterson (1959)
Presented ppts with a trigram
They were asked to count backwards for different intervals of time - preventing rehearsal
Ppts were 24 University students
Repeated measures
AO3
Lacks mundane realism
Lacks ecological validity
Lacks internal validity
Nairne et al. (1999): found items could be recalled after 96 seconds
Coding - Alan Baddeley (1966)
4 groups of participants 4 groups of words
Independent groups design
Groups: acoustically similar/dissimilar and semantically similar/dissimilar
Ppts recalled words immediately in the correct order and then again 20 mins later
AO3
Stimuli are artificial, lacks mundane reality
Brandimote et al. (1992): ppts encode visually if given a visual task
Nelson and Rothbart (1972): acoustic coding in LTM
Frost (1972): visual recall from the LTM
Wickens et al. (1976): encoding may be semantic in the STM if the stimuli have meaning, reductionist
Capacity - Joseph Jacobs (1887)
Ppts were given digits to remember starting at 4 until the person couldn't recall the order
The mean span for digits to be 9.3 items and for letters 7.3
Capacity changes with age
AO3
Due to age, results could be affected by confounding variables
Results have been replicated by other researchers
Capacity - George Miller (1956)
Capacity for STM is 7 plus or minus 2
Chunking: recall 5 words as well as 5 letters
AO3
Cowan (2001): other research concluded capacity was only about 4 chunks
Vogel et al. (2001): 4 items was about the limit for visual items
Simon (1974): shorter span for larger chunks