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ANCIENT INDIA- RS SHARMA, ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 07: THE HARAPPAN CULTURE:…
ANCIENT INDIA- RS SHARMA
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 07: THE HARAPPAN CULTURE: BRONZE AGE CIVILIZATION
GEOGRAPHICAL EXTENT
TROWN PLANNING AND STRUCTURES
AGRICULTURE
DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS
TECHNOLOGY AND CRAFTS
TRADE
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
RELIGIOUS PRACTICES
THE MALE DIETY IN THE INDUS VALLEY
TREE AND ANIMAL WORSHIP
THE HARAPPAN SCRIPT
WEIGHT AND MEASURES
HARAPPAN POTTERY
SEALS
IMAGES
TERRACOTTA FIGURINES
ORIGIN, MATURITY AND END
POST-URBAN PHASE OF THE HARAPPAN CULTURE
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 29: LEGACY IN SCIENCE AND CIVILIZATION
RELIGION
THE VARNA SYSTEM
PHILOSOPHICAL SYSTEMS
CRAFTS AND TECHNOLOGY
POLITY
SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS
MEDICINE
GEOGRAPHY
ART AND LITERATURE
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 10: JAINISM AND BUDDHISM
VARDHAMANA MAHAVIRA AND JAINISM
DOCTRINES OF JAINISM
SPREAD OFJAINISM
CONTRIBUTION OF JAINISM
DOCTRINES OF BUDDHISM
SPECIAL FEATURES OF BUDDHISM AND THE CAUSES OF ITS SPREAD
CAUSES OF THE DECLINE OF BUDDHISM
IMPORTANCE AND INFLUENCE OF BUDDHISM
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 18: THE DAWN OF HISTORY IN THE DEEP SOUTH
THE MEGALITHIC BACKGROUND
STATE FORMATION AND THE RISE OF CIVILIZATION
THREE EARLY KINGDOMS
THE PURSE AND THE SWORD
RISE OF SOCIAL CLASSES
BEGINNINGS OF BRAHMANISM
TAMIL LANGUAGE AND SANGAM LITERATURE
SOCIAL EVOLUTION AND SANGAM TEXTS
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 21: LIFE IN THE GUPTA AGE
SYSTEM OF ADMINISTRATION
TRENDS IN TRADE AND AGRARIAN ECONOMY
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS
STATE OF BUDDHISM
ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF BHAGAVATISM
ART
LITERATURE
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 03:TYPES OF SOURCES AND HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION
MATERIAL REMAINS
MOUND- IT IS AN ELEVATED PORTION OF LAND COVERING REMAINS OF OLD HABITATIONS
IN MAJOR CULTURE MOUNDS ONE CULTURE IS DOMINANT
MULTICULTURE MOUNDS REPRESENT SEVERAL IMPORTANT CULTURES
SOME MOUNDS REPRESENT PAINTED GREY WARE (PGW) CULTURE
MEGALITHS - STRUCTURES WHERE PEOPLE BURRIED WITH THEIR TOOLS WEAPONS BELONGINGS ENCIRCLED BY BIG PIECE OF STONE
SCIENCE OF DIGGING OLD MOUNDS IN A SYSTEMATIC MANNER TO HAVE AN IDEA OF THE MATERIAL LIFE OF THE PEOPLE IS CALLED ARCHAEOLOGY
RADIOCARBON DATING
RADIOCARBON OR CARBON 14 (C14) IS A RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE OF CARBON WHICH IS PRESENT IN ALL LIVING OBJECTS
RADIOCARBON DECAYS AT A UNIFORM RATE AFTER THE LIVING OBJECT IS DEAD
HALF LIFE OF CARBON 14 IS 5568 YEARS.
HALF LIFE OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL IS THE PERIOD DURING WHICH ONE HALF OF THE RADIOACTIVE CONTENT IN AN OBJECT DISAPPEARS
HISTORY OF CLIMATE AND VEGETATION IS KNOWN THROUGH EXAMINATION OF PLANT RESIDUES AND ESPECIALLY THROUGH POLLEN ANALYSIS
COINS
STUDY OF COINS IS CALLED NUMISMATICS
GUPTAS ISSUED LARGEST NO. OF GOLD COINS
METALS USED IN ANCIENT COINS - COPPER, GOLD , SILVER, LEAD, POTIN AND BRONZE
COINS HAD SYMBOLS, NAMES OF KINGS, GODS, DATES, POTRAY KINGS AND GODS, RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS AND LEGENDS
INSCRIPTIONS
STUDY OF INSCRIPTIONS IS CALLED EPIGRAPHY
STUDY OF OLD WRITING ON INCRIPTIONS AND OTHER OLD RECODS IS CALLED PALAEOGRAPHY
THE EARLIEST INSCRIPTIONS WERE WRITTEN IN PRAKRIT LANGUAGE IN THIRD CENTURY
INSCRIPTIONS BEARING HISTORY OF MAURYA POST MAURYA AND GUPTA TIMES HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED IN SERIES OF COLLECTIONS CALLED CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM INDICARUM.
ASHOKAN INSCRIPTIONS WERE IN BRAHMI SCRIPT WRITTEN FROM LEFT TO RIGHT
IN 14TH CENTURY A.D. TWO ASHOKAN PILLAR INSCRIPTIONS WERE FOUND BY FIROZ SHAH TUGHLAQ, ONE IN MEERUT AND TOPRA IN HARYANA. THESE EPIGRAPHS WERE FIRST DECIPHERED IN 1837 BY JAMES PRINSEP, A CIVIL SERVANT OF EIC IN BENGAL
INSCRIPTION RECORDING LAND GRANTS-ENGRAVED ON COPPER PLATES, WRITTEN IN ALL LANGUAGES PRAKRIT, SANSKRIT, TAMIL, TELUGU.
LITERARY SOURCES
RELIGIOUS LITERATURE OF HINDUS
VEDAS
RIG VEDA
CONTAINS MAINLY PRAYERS AND OTHERS RITUALS MAGIC AND MYTHOLOGICAL STORIES
ATHARVA VEDA
YAJUR VEDA
THE BRAHMANAS
ARANYAKAS
UPNISHADS
CONTAIN PHILOSOPHICAL SPECULATIONS
VEDANGAS (LIMBS OF THE VEDA)
PHONETICS (SHIKSHA)
RITUAL (KALPA)
GRAMMAR (VYAKARANA)
ETYMOLOGY (NIRUKTA)
METRICS (CHHANDA)
ASTRONOMY (JYOTISHA)
A PRECEPT WAS CALLED SUTRA BECAUSE OF ITS BREVITY
GRAMMAR OF PANINI IS MOST FAMOUS EXAMPLE
THE RAMAYANA
VALMIKI ORIGINALY CONSISTED 6000 VERSES BUT LATER RAISED TO 24000
THE MAHABHARATA
CONSISTED OF 8800 VERSES AND WAS CALLED JAYA OR THE COLLECTION DEALING WITH VICTORY
THESE VERSES WERE RAISED TO 24000
FINALL COMPILATION HAD 100,000 VERSES WHICH CAME TO BE KNOWN AS MAHABHARATA OR THE SATASAHASRI SAMHITA
ATTRIBUTED TO VYAS
THE PURANAS
POST VEDIC TIMES
SRAUTASUTRAS
BIG PUBLIC SACRIFICES ARE MENTIONED FOR MEN BELONGING TO 3 HIGHER VARNAS
GRIHASUTRAS
DOMESTIC RITUALS- BIRTH,NAMING,MARRIAGE ETC. ARE MENTIONED
SULVASUTRAS
MEASUREMENTS
LITERATURE OF JAINAS AND BUDDHISTS
EARLIEST BUDDHIST TEXTS WERE WRITTEN IN THE PALI LANGUAGE
GAUTAMA BUDDHA'S PREVIOUS BIRTHS
550 BIRTHS BEFORE HE BORN AS GAUTAMA
EACH BIRTH STORY IS CALLED A JATAKA (A FOLK TALE)
JAINA TEXTS WERE WRITTEN IN PRAKRIT LANGUAGE
JAINA TEXTS REFER TO TRADE AND TRADERS
SECULAR LITERATURE
LAW BOOKS CALLED DHARAMASUTRAS AND SMRITIS WHICH TOGETHER ARE CALLED DHARMASHASHTRAS
PROVIDE RULES FOR MARRIAGES
RULES FOR KINGS AND OFFICIALS
PROPERTY LAWS
PUNISHMENTS FOR CRIMES
IMPORTANT LAW BOOK IS THE ARTHASHASHTRA OF KAUTILYA.
DIVIDED INTO 15 BOOKS
BOOK 2 AND 3 ARE OF EARLIER DATE
WORK OF KALIDASA
MOSTLY KAVYAS AND DRAMAS
MOST FAMOUS ABHIJNANASHAKUNTALAM BY KALIDASA
SANGAM LITERATURE
COLLEGES WERE PATRONISED BY CHIEFS AND KINGS
THESE COLLEGES WERE CALLED SANGAM
LITERATURE PRODUCED HERE WAS KNOWN AS SANGAM ITERATURE
THEY ARE NOT RELIGIOUS IN NATURE HENCE SECULAR IN NATURE
ARRANGED IN 8 ANTHOLOGIES CALLED ETTUTTOKAO
POEMS ARE COLLECTED IN GROUP OF 100 SUCH AS PURANANURU(THE FOUR HUNDRED OF THE EXTERIOR
THERE ARE TWO MAIN GROUPS
PATINENKIL KANNAKKU (THE EIGHTEEN LOWER COLLECTIONS
PATTUPPATTU (THE TEN SONGS)
IT COMPRISES 30000 LINES OF POETRY
IT REFERS TO SETTLEMENTS INCLUDING KAVERIPATTANAM
TALK ABOUT YAVANAS PURCHASING PEPPER WITH GOLD
FOREIGN ACCOUNTS
Alexander's invasion is not mentioned in Indian sources but in Greek sources
Greek Writer Sandrokottas, a contemporary of Alexander the Great who invaded India in 326 B.C. He is also identified with Chandragupta Maurya accession on 322 B.C.
The Indika of Megasthenes , who came to the court of Chandragupta Maurya
the periplus of the Erythrean Sea ad Ptolemy's Geography, both written in Greek provide data about ancient Geography and commerce
HISTORICAL SENSE
CONSTRUCTING HISTORY
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 08: ADVENT OF THE ARYANS AND THE AGE OF THE RIG VEDA
ORIGINAL HOME AND IDENTITY
TRIBAL CONFLICTS
MATERIAL LIFE
TRIBAL POLITY
TRIBE FAMILY
SOCIAL DIVISIONS
RIGVEDIC GODS
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 17: THE AGE OF THE SATAVAHANAS
POLITICAL HISTORY
ASPECTS OF MATERIAL CULTURE
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
PATTERN OF ADMINISTRATION
RELIGION
ARCHITECTURE
LANGUAGE
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 24: FORMATION OF NEW STATES AND RURAL EXPANSION IN THE PENINSULA
THE NEW PHASE
STATES OF THE DECCAN AND SOUTH INDIA
CONFLICT BETWEEN THE PALLAVAS AND CHALUKYAS
TEMPLES
DEMANDS ON THE PEASANTRY
SOCIAL STRUCTURE
RURAL EXPANSION
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 27: TRANSFORMATION OF THE ANCIENT PHASE
SOCIAL CRISIS AND AGRARIAN CHANGES
RISE OF LANDLORDS
NEW AGRARIAN ECONOMY
DECLINE OF TRADE AND TOWNS
CHANGES IN THE VARNA SYSTEM
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
BHAKTI AND TANTRICISM
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 14: THE AGE OF THE MAURYAS
CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA
IMPERIAL ORGANIZATION
ASHOKA (273-232 B.C.)
IMPACT OF THE KALINGA WAR
INTERNAL POLICY AND BUDDHISM
ASHOKA'S PLACE IN HISTORY
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 05:THE STONE AGE : THE EARLY MAN
THE PELEOLITHIC PERIOD: HUNTERS AND FOOD GATHERERS
PHASES IN THE PELEOLITHIC AGE
THE MESOLITHIC AGE: HUNTERS AND HERDERS
PREHISTORIC ART
THE NEOLITHIC AGE: FOR PRODUCERS
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 06: CHALCOLITHIC FARMING CULTURES
CHALCOLITHIC SETTLEMENTS
CHALCOLITHIC SITES
IMPORTANCE OF CHALCOLITHIC PHASE
LIMITATIONS OF CHALCOLITHIC CULTURES
THE COPPER HOARDS AND THE OCHRE-COLORED POTTERY PHASE
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 09: THE LATER VEDIC PHASE: TRANSITION TO THE STATE AND SOCIAL ORDERS
EXPANSION IN THE LATER VEDIC PERIOD (C. 1000-500 B.C.)
THE PGW-IRON PHASE CULTURE AND LATER VEDIC ECONOMY
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
GODS, RITUALS AND PHILOSOPHY
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 13: STATE AND VARNA SOCIETY IN TH AGE OF THE BUDDHA
MATERIAL LIFE
ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM
ARMY AND TAXATION
THE REPUBLICAN EXPERIMENT
SOCIAL ORDERS AND LEGISLATION
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 15: SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MAURYA RULE
STATE CONTROL
ECONOMIC REGULATIONS
ART AND ARCHITECTURE
SPREAD OF MATERIAL CULTURE
CAUSES OF THE FALL OF THE MAURYA EMPIRE
BRAHMANICAL REACTION
FINANCIAL CRISIS
OPPRESSIVE RULE
NEW KNOWLEDGE OF THE OUTLYING AREA
NEGLECT OF THE NORTH WEST FRONTIER AND THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 16: CENTRAL ASIANS CONTACTS AND THEIR RESULTS
THE INDO GREEKS
THE SHAKAS
THE PARTHIANS
THE KUSHANS
IMPACT OF CENTRAL ASIAN CONTACTS
STRUCTURES AND POTTERY
BETTER CAVALRY
TRADE AND AGRICULTURE
POLITY
NEW ELEMENTS IN INDIAN SOCIETY
RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENTS
THE ORIGIN OF MAHAYANA BUDDHISM
LITERATURE AND LEARNING
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 20: THE RISE AND GROWTH OF THE GUPTA EMPIRE
BACKGROUND
CHANDRAGUPTA 1 (A.D. 319-334)
SAMUDRAGUPTA (A.D. 335-380)
CHANDRAGUPTA 2 (A.D. 380-412)
FALL OF THE EMPIRE
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 22: SPREAD OF CIVILIZATION IN EASTERN INDIA
SIGNS OF CIVILIZATION
ORISSA AND EASTERN AND SOUTHERN MADHYA PRADESH
BENGAL
ASSAM
THE FORMATIVE PHASE
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 28: SEQUENCE OF SOCIAL CHANGES
TRIBAL AND PASTORAL PHASE
AGRICULTURE AND THE ORIGIN OF UPPER ORDERS
VARNA SYSTEM OF PRODUCTION AND GOVERNMENT
SOCIAL CRISIS AND RISE OF LANDED CLASSES
SUMMARY
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 12: IRANIAN AND MACEDONIAN INVASIONS
IRANIAN INVASIONS
RESULTS OF THE CONTRACT
ALEXANDER'S INVASION
EFFECTS OF ALEXANDER'S INVASION
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 19: CRAFTS, TRADE AND TOWNS IN THE POST-MAURYA AGE
CRAFTS
FOREIGN TRADE
MONEY ECONOMY
URBAN SETTLEMENTS
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 23: HARSHA AND HIS TIMES
HARSHA'S KINGDOM
ADMINISTRATION
HSUAN TSANG'S ACCOUNT
BUDDHISM AND NALANDA
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 01: THE IMPORTANCE OF ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
VARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS
THE PRE ARYANS
THE INDO ARYANS
THE SCYTHIANS
THE GREEKS
THE HUNAS
THE TURKS ETC.
EACH ETHNIC GROUP CONTRIBUTED IN EVOLUTION OF INDIAN SOCIAL SYSTEM, ART, ARCHITECTURE AND LITERATURE :
REMARKABLE FEATURE OF ANCIENT INDIAN CULTURE HAS BEEN THE MIXING OF CULTURAL ELEMENTS FROM NORTH SOUTH EAST WEST.
MENTIONING OF DIFFERENT TEXTS IN EACH OTHER
FROM ARYAN CULTURE, DRAVIDIAN AND TAMIL CULTURE OF THE SOUTH
PRESENCE OF PALI AND SANSKRIT TERMS IN TAMIL TEXTS CALLED THE SANGAM LITERATURE
EASTERN REGION PRE ARYAN TRIBALS SPOKE MUNDA OR KOLARIAN LANGUAGES
ARYAN CULTURE, DRAVIDIAN AND TAMIL CULTURE OF THE SOUTH
SEVERAL RELIGIONS
BIRTH OF HINDUISM
JAINISM
BUDDHISM
NAMING
THE NAME BHARATVARSHA OR THE LAND OF BHARATA WAS GIVEN TO THE COUNTRY AFTER THE NAME OF AN ANCIENT TRIBE CALLED THE BHARATAS
THE PEOPLE WERE CALLED BHARATSANTATI OR THE DESCENDANTS OF BHARATA
THE KINGS WHO TRIED TO ESTABLISH THE AUTHORITY FROM HIMALAYAS TO CAPE COMORIN AND FROM THE VALLEY OF BRAHMAPUTRA FROM EAST TO THE BEYOND INDUS IN WEST WERE CALLED CHAKRAVARTINS
IN 3RD CENTURY B.C. ASHOKA EXTENDED HIS EMPIRE OVER THE WHOLE COUNTRY
IN 4TH CENTURY, SAMUDRAGUPTA
IN 7TH CENTURY, THE CHALUKYA KING, PULAKESHIN DEFEATED HARSHAVARDHAN WHO WAS CALLED THE LORD OF NORTH INDIA
FOREIGNERS
CAME IN CONTACT WITH PEOPLE NEAR SINDHU OR THE INDUS
NAMED THE WHOLE COUNTRY AFTER THIS RIVER
THE WORD HIND IS DERIVED FROM THE SANSKRIT TERM SINDHU
AND IN COURSE OF TIME THE COUNTRY CAME TO BE KNOWN AS INDIA WHICH IS VERY CLOSE TO THE GREEK TERM FOR IT
IT CAME TO BE CALLED HIND IN PERSIAN AND ARABIC LANGUAGES
LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL UNITY
IN 3RD CENTURY BC, PRAKRIT SERVED AS THE LINGUA FRANCA OF THE COUNTRY
ASHOKA’S INSCRIPTIONS WERE WRITTEN IN THE PRAKRIT LANGUAGE AND BRAHMI SCRIPT
SANSKRIT ACQUIRED THE SAME POSITION AND SERVED AS THE STATE LANGUAGE IN REMOTE AREAS OF COUNTRY
ANCIENT EPICS
THE RAMAYANA AND THE MAHABHARATA WERE STUDIED
SOCIAL SYSTEM
IN NORTH INDIA AROSE THE VARNA/CAST SYSTEM, WHICH CAME TO PREVAIL ALMOST ALL OVER THE COUNTRY
WHY ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY IS IMPORTANT?
IT TELLS US
HOW WHEN AND WHERE PEOPLE DEVELOP THE EARLIEST CULTURES IN OUR COUNTRY
HOW THEY STARTED AGRICULTURE WHICH MADE LIFE SECURE AND SETTLED
HOW THE ANCIENT INDIAN DISCOVERED AND UTILISED NATURAL RESOURCES
HOW THEY CREATED THE MEANS FOR THEIR LIVELIHOOD
HOW DID THEY TOOK TO FARMING SPINNING WEAVING METALWORKING
HOW DO THEY CLEARED FORESTS
HOW THEY FOUND VILLAGES CITIES AND FINALLY LARGE KINGDOMS
HOW THEY COMMUNICATED
RELEVANCE OF THE PAST TO THE PRESENT
THE ANCIENT INDIAN SOCIETY WAS MARKED BY GROSS SOCIAL INJUSTICE
THE LOWER ORDERS PARTICULARLY THE SHUDRAS AND UNTOUCHABLES , WERE ENCUMBERED WITH DISABILITIES WHICH ARE SHOCKING TO THE MODERN MIND
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 02: MODERN HISTORIANS OF ANCIENT INDIA
COLONIALIST VIEWS AND CONTRIBUTION
traditional history in the form of hand written epics, Puranas & semi biographical works
Bengal & Bihar under East India Company in 1765
Hindu law was difficult for British
Manusmriti (law book of Manu) was translated into English as A code of Gentoo Laws
To understand laws and & customs
establishment of Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1784 in Calcutta by Civil Servant of EIC Sir William Jones
he also translated drama - Abhijana Shakuntalam in English in 1789
Bhagvata Gita into English by Charles Wilkins in 1785
Bombay Asiatic society was set up in 1804 & Asiatic school of Great Britain in 1823 in London
German born Scholar F. Max Mueller pushed Indological studies
Revolt of 1857 was eye opener to realize that Britain needed deeper understanding of the system
Also to convert Hindus to Christians, ancient scriptures were translated
50 volumes were published under the Sacred books of East series
Social discrimination through Caste system was noted
Early History of India by Vincent Arthur Smith (1843 - 1920), prepared first systematic history of ancient India in 1904.
Rajendra Lal Mitra wrote a book entitled Indo Aryans
NATIONALIST APPROACH AND CONTRIBUTION
SHIFT TO NON POLITICAL HISTORY
BRITISH HISTORIAN A.L. BASHAM WROTE A BOOK "WONDER THAT WAS INDIA" (1951)
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 11: TERRITORIAL STATES AND THE FIRST MAGADHAN EMPIRE
THE MAHAJANAPADAS
RISE AND GROWTH OF THE MAGADHAN EMPIRE
CAUSES OF THE MAGADHA'S SUCCESS
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 25: DEVELOPMENTS IN PHILOSOPHY
GOALS OF LIFE
SIX SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY
SAMKHYA
YOGA
NAYAYA
VAISHESHIKA
MIMAMSA
VEDANTA
MATERIALIST VIEW OF LIFE
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 04:THE GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING
ANCIENT INDIA_Chapter 26: INDIA'S CULTURAL CONTACTS WITH THE ASIAN COUNTRIES