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BIOMECHANICS, image - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Higher Speed and range of movement, lesser force applied
      - Lesser speed and range of movement applied, higher force applied
      - Angular speed is the rate at which an object changes its angle
    - - Angular velocity equal at all points
      - Velocity at distal end is greater at distal end
      - Velocity = r w
    - - V linear + V angular = V general
  - - - Turning effect on force on lever
        
        A force producing twisting/rotary movement about an axis of rotation #
        
        Formula: Torque = Force x perpendicular distance (moment arm)
    - - Rigid bar that rotates around an axis (Fulcrum)
        
        Force applied to lever moves resistance
        
        In Human body, bone is the rigid bar; joint is axis (fulcrum); muscles apply the force
      - Types of Lever
        
        Second class Lever
        
        Applied force and resistance on same side of axis
        
        Resistance closer to axis than applied force
        
        eg. eccentric contractions
        
        Anatomical: Plantar flexion, plantar flexors apply force to the calcaneus to lift the resistance of the body at the tibial articulation with the foot
        
        Third class levers
        
        Force and resistance on same side of axis
        
        Applied force closer to axis than resistance
        
        eg. concentric contractions in most muscle-bone lever systems of human body
        
        Anatomical: Most levers within human body are third class like elbow, knee, shoulder.
        Point of application of force is at point of insertion of the muscle
        
        First class Levers
        
        Applied force and resistance are on opposite
        
        Human body: AGONIST provide applied force, ANTAGONIST provide the resistance
        
        eg. scissors, see-saw
        
        Anatomical: muscles extending the neck apply the force to keep the head straight
  - - - Shift mass as far from axis of rotation possible
        
        eg. long bat with most of its mass at barrel
        eg. athletes to extend their rotating bodies
    - - Increase angular velocity of whatever is rotated
        
        eg. athletes to increase their rate of spin. batters to swing their bat faster
    - - Increase mass of object rotated to increase angular momentum
        
        eg. choose a heavier bat
- - - - A motion where all points move in same distance, direction and same time. eg. ice skating
    - - A motion moved along a curved path in same distance, direction and same time. eg. skydiving
- - - - The quantity of matter in an body or object.
      - Mass of an object is constant regardless of location
      - Scalar (magnitude)
      - Depends on the density and volume of an object
        
        Mass [kg] = Density [kg/m3] x Volume [m3]
      - SI Unit: kilogram (kg)
    - - Measure of the amount of space occupied by a body
      - SI unit: m3
      - Scalar (magnitude)
    - - Direction (of the force applied)
      - Magnitude value measured in newtons (N)
      - Point of Application (where the force is applied at)
      - Line of action
  - - - A motion of an object being thrown in air upon the force of gravity. EG. an object will travel up in vertical direction and falling some distance in horizontal direction.
        
        Air resistance
        
        Acceleration: Decrease
        
        Velocity: air resistance will slow down vertical and horizontal velocity
        
        No air resistance
        
        Velocity: Horizontal velocity is constant and becomes zero when reaching the ground
        
        Acceleration: No acceleration
      - Factors involving a good throw
        
        Angle at instance of release
        
        Release height relative to height of landing
        
        Speed at instance of release
        
        Air resistance during flight
        
        Ball rotation during flight
    - - Rate of change of velocity. SI unit: m/s2 (magnitude and direction)
      - Formula: a = Vf-Vi / t
        
        Vf = final velocity
        
        Vi = initial velocity
        
        t = time
  - - - A force applied to a body causes an acceleration of that body of a magnitude proportional to the force, in the direction of the force and inversely proportional to the body mass
      - Force = Mass x acceleration (F [N] = m [kg] • a [m/s2])
      - Linear momentum
        
        Quantity of motion
        
        M = m (kg) x v (m/s)
        
        Increased or decreased by increasing or decreasing either the mass or the velocity.
    - - For every force that is exerted by one body on another there is an equal and opposite force exerted by the second body on the first.
      - Links to Ground reaction force.
    - - A body will maintain a state of rest or constant velocity unless acted on by an external force that changes the state.
      - The inertia of an object is proportional to its mass.
      - The greater the inertia of an object, the more difficult it is to change its motion
      - To change an object's motion, there must be an unbalanced force applied to overcome its inertia
- - - - landing bending of legs allows more area and time in order to increase impulse and reduce GRF
- - - - distal segment are constrained (hands and feet)
    - - distal segments are not constrained and are free (hands and feet)