Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chapter 10: Molecular Biology of the Gene, Chapter 13 Gene Cloning and…
Chapter 10: Molecular Biology of the Gene
Proteins :made from 20 amino acids
Chapter 13 Gene Cloning and Editing
DNA technology
Recombinant DNA
genetic engineering
biotechnology
CRISPR-Cas9
edit the gene
Recombinant cells and organism can mass-produce gene products
GMOs
Vaccines
pharmaceutical industry and medicine:Human Isulin Production (HGH)
Gene therapy
An RNA version of a healthy human gene is inserted into a retrovirus
Bone marrow cells are infected with the virus
Viral DNA carrying the human gene inserts into the cell's chromosomes
The engineered cells are injected into the patient
DNA Profiling
forensics
Short tandem repeat (STR)
STR analysis
compares the lengths of STR sequences
Repetive DNA
The polymerase chain reaction method is to amplify DNA sequence
primers
Gel electrophoresis
agarose
Risk factors
Alcohol
diet, obseity
pollution
radiation
smolking
sun expouse
virus
Nucleotides
ADENINE (A)
GUANINE (G)
THYMINE (T)
CYTOSINE(C)
DNA replication
A parental molecule of DNA
The parental strands separate and serve as temples
Two identical daughter molecules of DNA are formed
5' end
3' end
DNA polymerase
DNA ligase connects the pieces
Genomics
the study of the complete sets of gene
human genome
1.5% exons
5% regulatory sequences
introns (19%)
(15%) unquie noncoding DNA
15% repetitive DNA unrelated to transposable elements
44% repetitive DNA that includes transposable elements and related sequences
whole genome shortgun
fast and relatively inexpensive
bioinformatics
proteomics
human evolution
FOXP2
human gene which implicated to speech and vocalization.
DNA:Genetic Material
virus -T2
bacteriophages
phages
RNA
Nucleic acids
polymers
monomers
RNA: ribonucleid acid
Phosphate group
Nitrorogenous base-Uracil (U)
A,G,C, or U
Sugar
ribose
RNA
mRNA
cut introns
keep exons
put cap and tail
RNA splicings
Initation-Start condon
Elonggation
Newly made RNA
Termination
Translation
Bacteria
Transformation
Transduction
Conjunction
X-Ray data
A pairs with T
G pairs with C
Monitor the expression of the specific genes
nucleic acid hybridization
DNA microarray
Genetic code
Start codon-AUG-Met
stop codon-UAA, UGA, UAG)
Ribosme
small subunit -mRNA binding site
Large subunit-tRNA biding site
Gene expression-genotype to phenotype
regulatory proteins
Cell differentitate -Chromosomes structure
DNA Packing
Chapter 11:How Gene are Controlled
operon-inducible
structural genes
trp operon -repressible -normally turned on
activator
operator
promotor
X inactivation
Barr body
Break down of RNA
Initation of Translation
cleavage site
Protein processinng
Non coding RNAs interference
microRNAs
siRNAs
Cell signal interaction
homeotic gene
histones
nucleosomes
affected :warning:
complex assembilies of proteins contril eukaryotic transcription
enhances
transcription factors
Gene regulation -coded for the repressor
Chemical
Epigenetic inheritance
Cloning of Plant and Animals
Plants
tolipotent
regeneration
Animals
donor cell
nuclear transplantation
inject into the somatic cell
Reproductive cloning
head
bacterium -Escherichia coli (E. Coil)
The Hershey-Chase experiment-A phage replication
a phage attaches itself to a bacteria cell
a phage injects its DNA into bacterium
The phage of DNA directs the host cell to make more phage DNA; new phages assemble
The cell lyses and releases the new phages
A site
P site
Exit turnel
Vaccine
tail
Tail fiber
DNA double helix -Structure and funtion
Sugar phosphate backbone
Phosphate group-ionized-negatively charged
Nitrogenous base -Thymine
A,G,C or T
Sugar
deoxyribose
X-Ray crystallography
X-Ray images of DNA
Mutation
Radiation
UV
X Ray
Barbecue
Chemical
Infection Agents
Flow from DNA to RNA to protein
Transcription
rough strain
nonvirulent
smooth strain
virulent
Poilypeptide
Codon
Triplet code
RNA polymerase
Promoter
Mutagens
Silent mutation
Missense mutation
Nonsense Mutaion
no function
some effects, sick cell
no effect
frameshift mutaion
number of nucleotides inserted or delected
The phage injects its DNA
The phage DNA circularizes
Lytic cycle
Lysogenic cycle
phage DNA inserts into the bacterial chromosome (Prophage)
new phage DNA and proteins are synthesized
new phages assemble
the cell lyses, releasing phages
newly released phage may inject another cell
The lysogenic bacterium replicates normally, copying the prophage at each cell division
many cell divsions
enviromental stress
RNA virus
enter the cytoplasm
virus membrane is similar to cell membrane (Coravirus)
HIV virus
AIDS
Retrovirus
Make DNA on an RNA template
Reverse transcript
RNA into identical strands
Protein coat
Envelop
Glycoprotein
Prions-infectious proteins
misfoled disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in human
plasmid
vector-gene carrier
DNA cloning
DNA ligase
clone
gene cloning
R plasmids-
destroy antibiotics
Eukaryotic RNA maybe spliced in more than one way
alternative RNA splicing
signal transduction pathway
convert signal on a target cell's surface to specific response inside the cell
Therapeutic cloning
stem cells
embryonic stem cells
adult stem cells
Mutation within a gene
Pro oncogene
oncogene
Oncogene divide until under control (over tumor suppressor gene)
Pro oncogene
normal growth
Mutation within a control region of a DNA
Pro oncogene
Normal growth
Restriction enzymes
restriction site
sticky end
joining restriction fragments -hydrogen bonds
Recombinant DNA
Reverse transcriptase
help make genes for cloning
complementary DNA (cDNA)
DNA nucleotide-deoxyrionucleic acid
Pyrimidines
Purines
covalent bonds
Original of replication
Bubbles
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Protein
Okazaki fragment
Genotype
Phenotype
Completed RNA
RNA polymerase detaches
tRNA
Anticodon
ATP
Zika
Ncleic acid probes
Yen Kemna
Dr.Hoffman
Biology 160